Society: Comparison to the Panopticon

According to Wikepedia, a panopticon is a type of prison where the observer is able to watch the prisoners without the prisoner knowing when they are being watched. The concept of the design is to allow an observer to observe (-opticon) all (pan-) prisoners thereby conveying what one architect has called the â€Å"sentiment of an invisible omnisciece. The panopticon was invented by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham in 1785. Bentham himself described the Panopticon as â€Å"a new mode of obtaining power of mind over mind, in a quantity hitherto without example. Michel Foucault, a French philosopher and historian of ideas uses this term in his book Discipline and Punish the Birth of the Prison as a metaphor to explain society. I will try to breakdown this metaphor to explain what Foucault means by this. Foucault explains we are living in a system where everything we do is survellience, thus we are living in a panopticon. We may feel that we have total privacy, but if we really sit back and observe we will come to an understanding that we are always being surveillance. Everything we do is recorded and monitored just like in the panopticon. We can not go to the store without cameras watching us or drive down the highway freely speeding without fear of getting caught by a police watching us. As similar to the panopticon we do not exactly know when we are being watched, but when we get the feeling we are being watched, we tend to try and behave perfectly. . â€Å"The Panopticon is a machine for dissociating the see/being seen dyad: in the peripheric ring, one is totally seen, without ever seeing; in the central tower, one sees everything without ever being seen. But he also proposes that not only prisons but most ordered structures like schools, factories, hospitals, workforces all resemble Benthams panopticon. The purpose of this panoptcicon is to tame ind ividuals in a way of functioning power and discipline in order to have a structured society. Foucault says, â€Å"The panoptic schema, without disappearing as such or losing any of its properties, was destined to spread throughout the social body, its vocation was to become a generalized function†. (Discipline 207) We are under a power because we are forced to behave in a way that is not our own to refrain from being disciplined. In our society we have places for people who refuse to follow the structure of our society they are places of restraints to tame the threats of society like hospitals, correctional facilities, and alternative schools that applies the panoptic schema. Panoptic living not only affects physically but also mentally. We know that we are being watch, because cameras are all around but the point is we do not know when we are being watched therefore we are forced to have good behavior at all times. The workforce can be a good example of this. Take into account a customer service representative in the call center must answer questions and assist with any concerns or complaints a customer may have. Even if a customer is rude, the representative is under a restraint because all calls are recorded at random and the representative is forced to be enthusiastic, kind and patient with the customer even if it results in verbal abuse by a customer. This creates a problem because the person is being forced to be perfect in an imperfect society. We are all under some form of power to conduct ourselves in a way that is acceptable to our society. Therefore we are constantly watching each others’ actions and if society disapproves then we are being disobedient to the power and therefore must suffer discipline. But because most of us fear punishment we continue to try to behave appropriately and then it becomes a norm we are use to doing. When we do something out of the norm, we are then frowned upon at as some type of threat to society. An example of this given is from the book Tess of the Durbyvilles, the character Tess is living in a panopticon because her society is based in a time where she is suppose to have a husband, but her society gossips about her because she has a baby out of wedlock. People looked at her as abnormal because she did not follow the moral structure they are used to. No one bothered to ask any questions they only assumed she was different which is something they did not like. This panopticon serves a good purpose even though it focuses soley on discipline and power. Although we are being watched everyday, if we did not have discipline then our society would not function well, and we would be among murders, thieves, and would fear for our lives. We are among criminals now but because we have institutions to tame them and force them to be a part of society or if they choose not to be then they are kept away from the perfect society we are constantly trying to form and improve. Although we are under power of the panopticon, we are given a sense of protection within our society and therefore we are willing to accept the control we are under.

Philippine Legend Of Calamba: In War And Peace By Demetrio L. Hilberio Essay

An excerpt from Calamba – In War and Peace by Demetrio L. Hilberio tells us of the legend of the name of Calamba. This legend is inscribed on a stone marker that can found at the base of the giant claypot and can be read as : The authentic legend goes that at about the turn of 16th century, two Spanish soldiers came to a village by the shore of Laguna de Bay. Attracted by the vast plain with verdant greeneries that spread up to a majestic mountain, the strangers became curious to learn the name of the place. Soon there came a native young lady carrying an earthen jar by her waist. She was to fetch water from the lake. Seizing the opportunity, the two soldiers inquired in Spanish from the young lady the name of the place. | Frightened with the sight of white strangers in colorful uniforms, the native damsel got confused. Thinking that the soldiers were asking what she was carrying, she answered nervously â€Å"Kalamba†¦Kalamba..† referring to the earthen jar she was clasping by her waist. There upon the girl scurried away until she was lost in the nearby forest. Themselves surprised, the two Spanish soldiers were left muttering â€Å"Kalamba†¦Kalamba† Since then the small village on a vast plain close to the Laguna de Bay has been known by the name of Kalamba. Legend of coconut Long ago there was a Chamorro family belonging to the Achote tribe. The family had a beautiful young daughter who was admired by everyone in the tribe. One day the girl became very thirsty. She wanted to drink the juice from a special fruit. Everyone tried to find the fruit she described but to no avail. Soon the girl became very ill and died. The father buried the girl on a hill over looking the village. He placed a beautiful headstone on her grave and the people covered it with many beautiful flowers. One day the villagers noticed a strange plant growing on the girl’s grave. They thought it was magic and built a shelter to protect it. Five years after the plant appeared, it had grown 20 feet tall, strange looking fruits appeared. One of the fruits dropped to the ground and cracked open. The chief called on the father of the dead girl to eat the strange fruit but he refused. He called his wife to eat the fruit. She said it was sweet and chewy and called it coconut. It remains one of the main foods eaten by the Chamorro people. Legend of makahiya Long time ago, there was a couple in Barangay Masagana (Pampanga today) who wanted a daughter. Their wish was granted and the wife gave birth to a baby girl. They called her Maria. Maria was very beautiful but very shy that she wouldn’t go out from their house. Weeks later, Spaniards came to their town. The Spaniards were very cruel that they get everything they wanted. They rob houses and kill everyone who gets in their way and who refused to give what they wanted.The couple was very frightened to lose their daughter so, they they hid Maria in the bushes so that the Spaniard coud’nt find her.After the Spaniards left their town, the couple tried to look for Maria but they couldn’t find her even in the bushes where they hid her, instead they found a little plant that is very sensitive that when you touch it, it would immidietlyclose. So they thought it was their daughter, Maria. They called the plant â€Å"Makahiya† that means â€Å"touch me not,† li ke their daughter who was very shy. LEGEND OF BANANA Long ago, before Philippines was invaded by other countries, the only religion Filipinos know is Paganism. They know no God until it was invaded by the Spaniards and killed everyone who refuses to give their riches. In the town of Vigan (in Philippines), one rich family planned to hide their beautiful daughter named Corazon because they heard that the Spaniard captain wanted their child. Corazon was one of the most beautiful maiden in their town. Every man there wants to have her hand in marriage.One day, when a group of Spaniard soldiers tried again to gather all the riches and properties and everything people have in every house, the parents of Corazon panicked knowing their daughter is missing. Corazon was helping other families to escape from the Spaniard soldiers because the soldiers where trying to kill them.When Corazon headed back to her parents, a Spaniard eventually caught her and brought her to their captain. The captain want Corazon as his bride but Corazon refused and the captain ordered to kill her and throw her body on the street. When her parents heard the news that their daughter was slaughtered, they gave Corazon a funeral. Because there were no coffin in their time, the townspeople buried Corazon’s body underground. The next day, the second ceremony is about to start, when the graveyard where Corazon was buried was very crowded. When the parents of Corazon arrived, they saw a plant growing from the soil. They were curious with the plant because they haven’t seen such plant. As the days pass, the plant grew and grew until a fruit came out. The people didn’t know exactly if it is a fruit or not because it was very unusual to them. The parents of Corazon concluded that it is their daughter and called the plant, Banana. When the Spaniard heard about unusual happening, they fled the town hurriedly. They were scared to death because they thought it was a curse or something. The thing that the invaders don’t know is, Banana was formed with pure heart. The townspeople don’t know why the parents of Corazon named it that way. But wise men of the town came to a conclusion why the plant was named Banana, it’s because the letters â€Å"ana† in the word Banana means â€Å"his/her or ownership of an individual† and the heart shaped fruit that came out from the plant was Corazon; and Corazon means â€Å"heart†. That’s why Banana was translated as â€Å"Her Heart† LEGEND OF butterfly The legend of the first butterflies say that there was upon a time in a village, an old woman used to have a beautiful flower garden by the shore of a lake. The fishermen from around the nearby villages were in love with her and used to come to her and exchange their fishes from flowers.Everyone in the village noticed something magical about her, because at night her house had a magical glow and once in a while some dwarfs were seen helping a beautiful young woman work in the garden. One day a young couple, very proud I must add, visited the village were the old woman lived, and while walking around, noticed the old woman’s beautiful flower garden.The couple decided to get inside the garden and grab some bouquets, when the old woman sees this, walks out of her house and ask the couple to leave, when they turn around to see who was talking to them, they make fun of her and ignore her. Then the old woman, insulted, touches the couple with her cane saying:†Since you love beautiful things, you will live from now on as beautiful insects†And that day was created the butterflies came to be, who always are found near beautiful flowers.And this is how the Butterflies came to be. FABLES The lion and the mouse Lion was sleeping peacefully when he was woken by something running up and down his back and over his face.Pretending to be still asleep, the Lion slowly opened one eye and saw that it was a little mouse.With lightening speed the Lion reached out and caught the little mouse in one of his large paws. He dangled it by its tail and roared, â€Å"I’m the King of Beasts! You’ll pay with your life for showing me such disrespect.†The Lion held the little mouse over his huge open jaws and prepared to swallow it.â€Å"Please, please don’t eat me, Mr King of Beasts, Sir,† squeaked the mouse. â€Å"If you forgive me this time and let me go I’ll never, never forget it.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I may be able to do you a good turn in the future to repay your kindness,† it squeaked.â€Å"You, do me a favour!† roared the Lion with laughter. â€Å"That is the funniest thing I’ve ever heard.†Still laughing, the Lion put the mouse down on the ground and said; â€Å"You’ve made me laugh so much I can’t eat you now. Go on, off you go before I change my mind.†The little mouse scurried away as fast as its little legs could go.Not long after this the Lion was caught in a trap by some hunters. They tied him to a tree with rope while they went to get their wagon.The little mouse was nearby and came when he heard the mighty Lion’s roar for help.The mouse gnawed the rope with his sharp teeth and set the Lion free.â€Å"I know you didn’t believe me, but I told you I could help you one day,† squeaked the little mouse. â€Å"Even a little mouse like me can help some one as big and strong as you.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Thank you my little friend. I won’t forget that lesson,† said the Lion as he ran away before the hunters returned. The fox and the crow One bright morning as the Fox was following his sharp nose through the wood in search of a bite to eat, he saw a Crow on the limb of a tree overhead. This was by no means the first Crow the Fox had ever seen. What caught his attention this time and made him stop for a second look, was that the lucky Crow held a bit of cheese in her beak. â€Å"No need to search any farther,† thought sly Master Fox. â€Å"Here is a dainty bite for my breakfast.† Up he trotted to the foot of the tree in which the Crow was sitting, and looking up admiringly, he cried, â€Å"Good-morning, beautiful creature!† The Crow, her head cocked on one side, watched the Fox suspiciously. But she kept her beak tightly closed on the cheese and did not return his greeting. â€Å"What a charming creature she is!† said the Fox. â€Å"How her feathers shine! What a beautiful form and what splendid wings! Such a wonderful Bird should have a very lovely voice, since everything else about her is so perfect. Could she sing just one song, I know I should hail her Queen of Birds.† Listening to these flattering words, the Crow forgot all her suspicion, and also her breakfast. She wanted very much to be called Queen of Birds. So she opened her beak wide to utter her loudest caw, and down fell the cheese straight into the Fox’s open mouth. â€Å"Thank you,† said Master Fox sweetly, as he walked off. â€Å"Though it is cracked, you have a voice sure enough. But where are your wits?† The Donkey And The Lapdog A MAN had a Donkey, and a Maltese Lapdog, a very great beauty. The Donkey was left in a stable and had plenty of oats and hay to eat, just as any other Donkey would. The Lapdog knew many tricks and was a great favorite with his master, who often fondled him and seldom went out to dine without bringing him home some tidbit to eat. The Donkey, on the contrary, had much work to do in grinding the corn-mill and in carrying wood from the forest or burdens from the farm. He often lamented his own hard fate and contrasted it with the luxury and idleness of the Lapdog, till at last one day he broke his cords and halter, and galloped into his master’s house, kicking up his heels without measure, and frisking and fawning as well as he could. He next tried to jump about his master as he had seen the Lapdog do, but he broke the table and smashed all the dishes upon it to atoms. He then attempted to lick his master, and jumped upon his back. The servants, hearing the strange hubbub and perceiving the danger of their master, quickly relieved him, and drove out The Donkey to his stable with kicks and clubs and cuffs. The Donkey, as he returned to his stall beaten nearly to death, thus lamented: â€Å"I have brought it all on myself! Why could I not have been contented to labor with my companions, and not wish to be idle all the day like that useless little Lapdog!† THE CAT AND THE MOUSE A cat and a mouse wanted to live together and keep house as a partnership. They prepared for winter by buying a pot of fat, and because they had no safer spot for it, they placed it under the alter in the church until such time that they would need it. However, one day the cat took a longing for it, and approached the mouse. â€Å"Listen, little mouse, my cousin has invited me to serve as godfather. She has given birth to a brown and white spotted little son, and I am supposed to carry him to his baptism. Is it all right for me to leave you home alone with the housework today?†Ã¢â‚¬ Go ahead,† said the mouse, â€Å"and if they serve you something good, just think of me. I would certainly welcome a drop of good red christening wine.† But the cat went straight to the church and ate the top off the fat and then went strolling about the town and did not return home until evening.†You must have had a good time,† said the mouse. â€Å"What name did they gi ve the child?†Ã¢â‚¬ Top-Off,† answered the cat.†Top-Off? That’s a strange name, one that I’ve not yet heard.†Soon afterward the cat took another longing, went to the mouse, and said, â€Å"I’ve been asked to serve as godfather once again. The child has a white ring around its body. I can’t say no. You’ll have to do me a favor and take care of the house by yourself today.†The mouse agreed, and the cat went and ate up half the fat. When she returned home, the mouse asked, â€Å"What name did this godchild receive?†Ã¢â‚¬ Half-Gone.†Half-Gone? What are you telling me? I’ve never heard that name. It certainly isn’t in the almanac.†Now the cat could not take his mind off the pot of fat. â€Å"I’ve been invited to serve as godfather for a third time,† he said. â€Å"The child is black and has white paws, but not another white hair on his entire body. That only happens once in a few years. You will let me go, won’t you?†Top-Off, Half-Gone,† said the mouse. â€Å"Those names are so curious that it makes me a bit suspicious, but go ahead.†The mouse took care of the house and cleaned up everything, while the cat finished off the pot of fat. Round and full, she did not return until nighttime.†What is the third child’s name?†Ã¢â‚¬ All-Gone.†Ã¢â‚¬ All-Gone! That is a worrisome name!† said the mouse. â€Å"All-Gone. Just what does this mean? I’ve never seen that name in print,† and she shook her head and went to bed. No one invited the cat to serve as godfather a fourth time. Winter soon came, and when they could no longer find anything to eat outside, the mouse said to the cat, â€Å"Let’s get the provisions that we’ve hid in the church under the altar.† They went there, but the pot was empty.†Now I see!† said the mouse. â€Å"You came here when you said you were invited to be a godfather. First came Top-Off, then it was Half-Gone, and then†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Be still,† said the cat. â€Å"I’ll eat you up, if you say another word.†Ã¢â‚¬ All-Gone† was already in the poor mouse’s mouth, and she had scarcely sai d it before the cat jumped on her and swallowed her down.

Financial Wellness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Wellness - Essay Example sted in a wide variety of financial instruments such as common stocks, preferred stock, corporate bonds, treasury bills, and derivative instruments among other options. People can use finances to plan for their retirement (Cnn). An area of finances that I often have trouble with is budgeting. I always try to create a personal budget of my expenses every month, but it seems as if my personal budgets are always off. I always end up spending more money than what my budget stipulates. The use of software such as excel or quicken can help people manage their personal budgets better (Intuit). Financial goals are very important. â€Å"The first step in personal financial planning is controlling your day-to-day financial affairs to enable you to do the things that brings you satisfaction and enjoyment† (Fowles). These goals can be established for the immediate, short, medium and long term. SMART goals are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely (Topachievement). An immediate goal is to save at least $300 at the end of the month. A short term goal is to purchase a new smartphone within one to two months. A second short term goals is to save money to purchase winter clothes. An intermediate goa l is to increase the value of my investment portfolio by 10% at the end of the year. Another goal is to save money for a down payment on a new home within five years. A long term goal is to save $250,000 by retirement

Measures of Central Tendency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Measures of Central Tendency - Essay Example Some books define measures of central tendency as measures of the central position. When applying the use of these measures of central tendency, some measures prove to be more effective and appropriate than others (Sharpe, 10). When applying the measures of central tendency one has to know the appropriate measure to use and under what condition is it suitable to work. There are three measures of central tendency, which includes the mean, mode, and median. Mean is the arithmetic average of a given set of data. Mean is the division of the sum of all available data by the number of all observations that contribute to the total sum of the data. Mean is summarizes the ratio or interval data in situations where the given set of data is symmetrical. The total frequency within each class interval concentrates at the midpoint of a given class interval (Davies, 21). To calculate the mean of a set of variables, one needs to divide the sum of all observations by the total number of the given obs ervations. The reasons for this procedure are that the total value is dependent on two factors that are values of individual observations and the total number of observation. When determining the mean of a given set of data, one has to standardize the simple sum by evenly distributing it across all observations. The formula for calculating mean is; Mean= Total sum/total observations. Mean has several advantages as a measure of central tendency since it takes all values of the observation into account. Also, mean is unique since each set of data has its own unique mean. However, mean is susceptible to influence from other outliners. Unusual values that are numerically large or small in a given set of data can affect the outcome of mean (Davies, 22). Additionally, the mean method is not appropriate when measuring the central position of skewed data. In case of skewed data, the mean losses the ability to show the central position of the data because of the skewness  always drags it f rom the typical value.

Timed essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Current event paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Current event paper - Essay Example As such, this paper seeks to analyse an article entitled ‘Breeding for improved product quality’ , 22 March, 2013 in a bid to establish its relationship with the above mentioned concept of product quality in real live business terms. A close analysis of the above mentioned article shows that a new multidisciplinary research project involving Teagasc, UCC, UCD and ICBF has underscored to breed for improved product quality in dairy, beef and sheep in Ireland. This comes in the wake of the fact that beef and dairy product are consumed by millions of people in this country hence the aspect of consumer safety and quality should be given the priority it deserves. As such BreedQuality has been awarded a project to ensure that they use state-of-the-art technology to carry out research that is meant to ensure that quality beef and dairy products are offered in the market. The aim of this project is to ensure that the consumers get quality products that do not compromise their health and safety. Research ought to be conducted in order to establish the needs and interests of the customers so as to be in a position to offer quality goods. From the above information, it can be seen that in any business environment, the concept of quality should be given the priority it deserves. This is meant to ensure that the customers get the values from their money. This concept of product quality has been aptly illustrated by the above mentioned news article which shows that the aspect of quality is very important in the beef industry. As shown in the article, research is carried out to enhance improved quality of the products offered by the companies involved in the beef and dairy industries. An organization that is interested in achieving its profit oriented goals should make sure that it maintains

Gender sexuality and law seminar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender sexuality and law seminar - Essay Example Non-British people who happened to be in Britain assumed a rebellious attitude and harboured notions of giving it back to the English what they had learnt in terms of equal rights, prerogatives and position in society. This is reflected to this day in modern British society as remnants of the populations who had migrated to Britain in the post colonial era continue to maintain their distinct identities and regional preferences. Although hobnobbing with on equal terms with native English, their resentment and defiance shows its colours from time to time. The author has specifically implied that historical events have a definite impact on the emergence of collective identities in human populations. According to him, the late modern democracy as an entity has emerged out of ‘selected contradictory operations of politicized identity’ (Wilson, pg. 54). Forces of global capitalism and the disciplinary-bureaucratic regimes typical of the colonial period have shaped the politica l identities of people living in the modern world. Quote 2: â€Å"The tension between particularistic ‘I’ and a universal ‘we’ in liberalism is sustainable as long as the constituent terms of the ‘I’ remain unpoliticised....† (Wilson, Pg. ... The perception of ‘I’ imparts s degree of individualism despite remaining part of the mainstream society. This prevents the formation of a politicized identity. The author has specifically illustrated this by giving examples of homosexuals and Jews, as they exist in modern society. While remaining part of the society, both these identities continue to be characterized into a specialist category due to the peculiarities of their identified characteristics. The possibility of existence of democracy has been facilitated in liberalism only due to the fact that what is considered as universal does not have either a body or content i.e. it is an abstract entity. The author believes that social identities are established in modern liberalist democratic societies through the action of liberalism’s companion powers which he names as ‘capitalism and disciplinarity’, originally identified by Marx and Focault (pg. 57). Capitalism’s endeavours in the modern society produce desires in individuals which emerge as identities and disciplinary forces regulate subjects into behaviour-based identities which are recognizable in society. The exemplary examples of such identities provided by the author are those of ‘alcoholic professionals’ and ‘crack mother’ and many more categories can be visualised under this lens. Quote 3: â€Å"Within lesbian and gay rights movements, few, if any, people believe that winning human rights will achieve equality, much less liberation (Herman, pg. 33)†: The author, in his argument entitled ‘Beyond the Rights Debate’ contends that legal academicians’ have diagrammatically opposing inferences on what are considered as ‘rights’ in

Critique the relevance and validity of applying the capital asset Essay

Critique the relevance and validity of applying the capital asset pricing model in the context of investment choices - Essay Example Undeniably, the CAPM model rules out active investment and management research, and therefore abolishes many applications merely by using a pen, by virtue of the idealistic assumptions made by it (Perold, 2004). Some common applications often depend on the correctness of the modest CAPM, or rather the extensions in defining equilibrium returns. In fact, an imprecise understanding of the market portfolio may not be a vital factor in this. The approximated investment portfolio maintain an essential role in the reconstructed submission that arise from realization of the falsehood of CAPM. In this sense therefore, the application of this model to investment choices can have meaning only on condition that CAPM is false. The conclusion can be that the investment portfolio seems to play a natural role, making possible specifications errors to be unimportant (Shanken,

The University of Findlay The Academic Support Center Essay

The University of Findlay The Academic Support Center - Essay Example According to the director of the ASC, the center is ever full of students in search of academic assistance. Although most of the students access the center individually, there are also others that come as a group. According to the director, when one enters the center, one cannot fail to note how busy the place is especially during the day as well as in the afternoon when most of the students are through with the day’s classes.   According to the director, most of the students that visit the center always improve in their academics. However, for these improvements to be achieved, students ought to be dedicated. According to the director, for the students to progress in their academics, they also need to be dedicated and focused in their work. For this to be achieved, the ASC always seeks the assistance of tutors; hence tutors are ever there to offer support to students accessing the facility. Although tutors are ever present in the center to offer educational support, not all tutors are present; hence it is normally advisable for the students to make appointments to know the tutors that will be present on a particular day and time.  According to the director, the oiler success center is a facility that can be used for quite a number of things. First, students can use this center for the purpose of conducting their studies, and this is because the center is calm and has study tables, and hence it is an ideal place for conducting personal studies or taking part in study groups.  

Exam 1 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exam 1 - Term Paper Example In order to establish the most applicable definition of justice, it is necessary to classify justice under ancient Greece philosophy by Plato, medieval Christianity philosophy by Augustine and Aquinas. In addition, early modern philosophies by Hume and Hobbes and recent modern philosophies by Mill and Kant are crucial. Justice ensures that all parties in various situations achieve what is rightfully theirs and present what they should give. Social issues include war, punishment, civil disobedience, equal opportunity, slavery, international relations and property rights. Plato defines justice as a virtue that establishes rational order1. The parties involved perform their appropriate roles while at the same time, not interfering with the functions of other parties. Aristotle contributes to this view by stating that justice is consistent and matches actions that are fair and lawful. He describes fairness as the equitable distribution of opportunities and correction of inequitable incidences. In Christian opinion, Augustine defines justice as a cardinal virtue that requires people to accord parties their due recognition. Aquinas’ definition of justice presents a rational result arising from proportional distribution of opportunities and rights that balances with reciprocal transactions2. The modern perception of justice seems to vary from the mentioned definitions. According to Hobbes, justice is only an artificial asset required by the civil society that stems from an agreement between differing social implications3. Hume seconds this by stating that justice protects the society by ultimately protecting properties. Kant, whose opinion is among the most recent definitions of justice, states that justice is achieved by respecting other people’s autonomy, freedom and dignity4. In this view, a just individual does not interfere with other people’s actions for as long as

Communication Barriers Essay Example for Free

Communication Barriers Essay Environmental factors can affect the communication between the older adult and the nurse (Ruan Lambert, 2007). Some of these factors provided by older adults included not being familiar with the hospital floor, dark rooms, loud noises, the amount of patients needing attention (especially when their illness is severe), visitors and family and the age difference between the older adult and the nurse (Ruan Lambert, 2007). The age difference could potentially make a patient feel as though they have very little in common with the nurse (Ruan Lambert, 2007). It is important that nurses recognize these environmental factors because of the significance of the nurse and patient relationship. Nurse Barriers Four key barriers that impact the patient and nurse relationship are recognized in the results of a questionnaire research project (Ruan Lambert, 2007). The four barriers include â€Å"working without a sincere attitude, showing no respect to elderly patients, being unfriendly, and transferring a sense of hopelessness to the patient† (Ruan Lambert, 2007). Ruan and Lambert (2007) continue by mentioning that nurse’s focus more on the communication aspects of physical activity, whereas the patients are more attracted to the physical process of verbal communication. Patient Barriers Three key barriers are established throughout the results of the questionnaire. These results include â€Å"not trusting the nurse, being hearing-impaired, and pretending to understand† (Ruan Lambert, 2007). The number one barrier of communication differs between the nurses and the older adults. The nurses listed the top barrier to be because the patient is not feeling well and forgets things easily, whereas the patients identified the top barrier to be related to hearing difficulties (Ruan Lambert, 2007). Resources Understanding the risks involving communication barriers, it is important to be aware of the resources available to give patients the holistic care that they deserve. McCabe (2004) asserted, â€Å"Patient-centered communication has been shown to promote patients’ satisfaction with care, as well as their health status† (as cited in Ruan and Lambert, 2008). Mui et al. (2007) state if an individual is not fluent in the language provided by the Health Care Provider it may cause feelings of humiliation and result in not seeking health care. According to ED Management (2012) language support for patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) is obligatory by law if the hospital obtains federal funds. It is suggested that a professional interpreter be present throughout the care of a client to minimize the communication barriers that could result in negative consequences (ED Management, 2012). If the professional interpreter services are not available, insufficient clarification and comprehension can be considered prejudiced towards those in which don’t use English as a first language (Mui et al., 2007). Another resource available would be providing the patient with a social worker to further their care. This would allow the social worker to assess additional needs of medical care, mental health, and other services available (Mui et al., 2007). Additionally, Mui et al. (2007) states that the social workers can access other organizations that could provide the professional interpreter. Having a family member involved in the care of the patient allows for improved communication. Badger, Clarke, Pumphry, and Clifford (2012) suggest that family members take the time to write down words and phrases in both their preferred language along with English to assist in communication when the family is not available. In several situations when a professional interpreter is not available, the family will be asked to interpret to provide the health care professionals with more accurate communication (Badger et al., 2012). Northern Health provides an interpreter service in which you request through your general practitioner when you book an appointment (Northern Health, 2013). The Transcultural and Language Services Department (TALS) provide interpreting services, translation of medical content, along with research and education (Northern Health, 2013). Application of Personal Experience After further research, there are several actions that I will do differently when working with a client that uses English as a second language. I strongly believe that professional translation services must always be available in our health care system despite the need for funding. Reviewing the data related to the number of older adults that use English as a second language, it is essential that translation services be implemented. With this knowledge, I will provide my patient with the information regarding a professional interpreter and see if that is an option they would want involved in their care. Included in the information I would provide to the patient would be that â€Å"addressing language needs of older immigrants would reduce linguistic disparities, improve access to health care, and eventually improve the health status† (Kim et al., 2011). I believe that providing education on the reasons why this resource would be beneficial to their overall health and care would allow the patient to find it more incising rather than feeling humiliated. It is my responsibility as a student nurse to provide additional resources in which are out of my scope of support in order to give the best holistic care for the patient. Delivering information to the patient on the further resources that social workers are able to access may draw further interest to the patient. I feel that involving a social worker would be beneficial to anyone’s care despite the reasoning for being in the hospital. For example, the research provided stated that older adults tend to not reach out to health care resources because they feel humiliated. Providing a social worker would then allow further care whether it involved health care needs, financial assistance, or the use of an interpreter.

The declaration of independence

The declaration of independence The Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776.   Its purpose was to declare the 13 colonies in America free and independent from Great Britain, get other colonists on board, and to encourage other nations to help them.   Jefferson not only wrote how they were splitting from Britain, but he also gave thorough reasoning as to why they should be allowed to do so.   In order to do that he used deductive logic in this document.   In addition, many people wonder if the declaration had been developed in a different format, such as a series or syllogistic arguments, how persuasive it would be.   From a literary perspective, it would not have been as persuasive as the original document.   Another reason why the declaration is so persuasive is that Jefferson uses friendly, brotherly language to show his unity to them. The reason why the Declaration of Independence is so persuasive is that Jefferson uses deductive arguments, which includes examples of Britains wrong doings, which gives the person reading the document a chance to see exactly why they are breaking from Great Britain.   One of the strongest deductive arguments in the declaration is, â€Å"That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among men†.   This means that any legitimate government is created to protect peoples rights such as, â€Å"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness†.   Throughout the declaration Jefferson shows how Great Britain is not protecting their rights, but interfering with them.   For example, he states how the king keeps sending over soldiers and expects the people to house and feed them.   How would you feel if the government just placed a stranger in your home and told you he could eat your hard-earned food?   These soldiers were also allowed to disobey the laws in the c olonies and not be punished for them.   This is not what you call protecting peoples rights; it is more like invading them.   Another very strong deductive argument in this document is, â€Å"deriving their just power from the consent of the governed†.   This means any power or authority that a government has is given to them by the consent of the people, but this right like many others was abused too.   For instants, Jefferson wrote that they have â€Å"Petitioned for redress† repeatedly, meaning they sent many petitions to the king about many unfair problems in the colonies, wanting to come to some type of agreement.   Nevertheless, the king does not answer them but continues to hurt them.   This shows that the king did not care about the peoples consent; therefore, he is not implicating a just government and they have the right to break free from Great Britain. If the Declaration were developed in a series of syllogistic arguments, it would not be very persuasive on stating why they should split from Britain.   For example, whether the syllogisms were Aristotles or Toulmins form it would not be a very formal format for a government document.   If this document were in syllogisms, there would be many repeated major premises or warrants, which would cause no concision and wordiness.   Syllogisms would be of better use if you were outlining or organizing the declaration into your own understanding. The main thing besides logic that helped the persuade the colonist they had the right to break from Great Britain, was the language in which Jefferson wrote the declaration.   He used words such as brethren, common kindred, and fellow citizen, which implied that they were all in this together.   He even shows them how the colonies have tried their best to avoid violent conflict with Great Britain but the king would not compromise.   For instants, they had sent many petitions to Britain to come to some type of agreement, but the king continued to hurt the colonies.   Jefferson was arguing that they have tried to work with Great Britain but they continue to send mercenaries to kill people, burn down towns, ravage ships, and capture citizens and make them do very immoral things to their own people.   No nation should sit back and let these horrible things happen to them, so by stating these different scenarios it encourages the fellow colonists that it is time to fight for the ir rights. In conclusion, the declaration of independence is a document that jump-started the United States.   It explains why they had to the right to separate from Great Britain, and many unjust actions they inflicted upon the colonies.   The declaration is a very thorough complex document that would not worked in any other format.   If Jefferson would have wrote this document in a different way would we be in the place we are today?

Characteristics of an Effective Team Leader

Characteristics of an Effective Team Leader Introduction Most managers are very good controllers, certainly control and leadership drive hand to hand. According to Koontz and O Donnell it is the art of including the subordinates to accomplish their assignments with zeal and confidence. Zeal reflects ardors, earnestness and intensity in execution of work; confidence reflects experience and technical ability. (Leadership PPT, Scribd). Moreover, according to Dwight D. Eisenhower it is the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it (Forssell, D. 2008). We will now discuss in detail about leader leadership and its characteristics as well as team conflicts and its resolutions. Leader: A leader is A person who rules or guides or inspires others. A leader is someone who leads strongly, but is not bossy. Someone, who is admirable but not superior, someone who gets the job done, but does not rush. Leaders should understand and identify the values and recognizes the values of the ethical behaviour. As we know, every business has some ethics. Leader is the one who makes the others to follow the ethics in the work place. If he fails to follow ethics and live up to their expectations, it affects the organizations name and fame. Leader exhibit ethical behaviour powerfully to influence on others actions. Leadership: Leader ship is an interactive speech that influences the people to follow the values and ethics of the leader towards achieving the common goal and monitors the company in order to make more coherent and cohesive. A leadership is a complex procedure, which involves the following three dimensions. The leader. The employee. The demands of the situation. Leadership involves in creation of the new ideas and goals and allows others to apply those ideas and a goal in to reality .leadership is challenged by the ability to motivate others frequently over a long period of time, and effectively guiding others. Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things. By Peter Drucker. Leadership is not an individuals action, it is a team effort fostered by group discussions, sharing individual views and influencing power by considering the effective strategies and generating a clear vision. Leadership is a combination of the knowledge, values, skills, and behaviors. Everyone has their own beliefs and views on the characteristics of an effective Leader. A group or team may assess leader ship and its success only by depending on how well the characteristics of the leader are Compatible with the characteristics they believe and they follow. A leader should know his own abilities, and ethics and beliefs, knowledge and value and identify them. For instance, if the team members highly value the quality trust, then the leader should be viewed as a Trust worthy person. By knowing his own strengths and weaknesses he can plan to improve those areas where he seems to be weak. Recognizing strengths and compensating for weaknesses represents the first step in achieving positive self-regard. By (Warren Bennis Burt Nanus) A successful leader will always make effort to learn and practice to improve his skills .the values and ethics that a leader believes defines his character. Trust, confidence, and effective communication are the two most important keys for effective leadership. Characteristics of a leadership Following are some of the characteristics that a leader should possess. Co-existence with followership Responsibility Understanding nature Precedence Situation Co-existence with followership Leadership is not conferred of ordered but is one to be earned. A person cannot be defined as a leader without having followers. As we, all know that no single person has the same attitude in a group.so the leader should approach his team members or followers according to their style of acceptance and motivate them in order to achieve the common goal. Responsibility: A leader has complete responsibility on the team members in all circumstances. Because he is the one who directs them and allocates tasks to them to complete the project. He should direct the group without facing any difficulties. Whether its success or failure he is the one who is responsible for it. Understanding nature: A leader should have the capability of understanding the feelings and problems of the group and also the individuals. This can be done only if he maintains a friendly relation with the group members. Guide a leader is looked upon as a friend and a philosopher. A leader should do his best to fulfill the personal and social needs of his followers. Precedence: Since leader is the one who should guide his followers, he should be capable to deal with any type of technical skills and personality traits and have the ability to deal with his followers who are of different attitudes and influence them by motivating. Even he should be aware of his limitations and ethics to make his followers trust him. Situation: Leadership is not a constant pattern. It changes according to the type of the people in the group and the situation in which the group is operating. A leader should be capable of dealing with any type of situation. In some situations, he should be able to take the decisions instantaneously. Leadership does not exist if there are no leaders and leaders should possess several characteristic to be an effective leader. Some of the characteristic of effective leader are as follows: Mission: Every leader must know what their mission is so they understand why the organization exist. Every leader should be aware about the mission, mission should also be clear, understandable, descriptive so employees can identify that, and they strive to achieve it. Vision: A vision should be intellectual enough to encourage people to visualize it but material enough for supporters to comprehend it, recognize it and be prepared to climb aboard to accomplish it. In simple words, vision can be understood as which direction you want your organization to go? Goal: How organization is going to measure the achievement of its mission and vision? Similar to vision, objectives or goals must be operational; that are precise and quantifiable. If your efforts results are not quantifiable, then it will be challenging to recognize if you require accomplished your task or visualization. You might have wasted vital resources following an approach or design without knowing if it actually prospers. Competency: Your sponsors, staffs, and the community as being a professional in your playing field or an expert in management observe you. If your constituents apprehend you as greatly credentialedeither by educational degree or with specialized experienceand skilled of leading your company to success, it will be more difficult for you to be as appreciated, well regarded, or shadowed. Practically speaking, not all senior managers instantly hold all of the features that spell success. Many front-runners acquire along the way with tough work. As emergencies and tests arise, those at the top of the ladder have key opportunities to exhibit to others that they are in fact, skilled to be front-runners. In reality, greater proficiency achieved as a leader increases more on-the-job involvements. A strong team: Genuinely, few officials hold all of the skills and capabilities obligatory to exhibit total mastery of every requisite area inside the organization. To accompaniment the areas of paleness, a wise leader accumulates effective groups of experienced, credentialed, and skilled personalities who can supplement any empty space in the leaders skill set. This capability is what sets leaders spaced out from others. Yet, the leader is required to be eager to confess he lacks definite abilities and go about discovering reliable coworkers to accompaniment those shortages. After constructing the team, the entrepreneur needs to trust that team to comprehend problems, generate resolutions, and to act on them. Communication skills: It ensures little good to have a solid mission, visualization, and goals and even a concrete budget. If the executive cannot smoothly and effectively deliver his opinions to the investors inside and outside of the business. He must frequently be in touch with important personalities, by email, conferences, or supplementary methods of communication. Of course, the finest method to ensure other individuals receive and comprehend the communication is through face-to-face communications. Receiving out of the workplace or visiting different locations is a unique method of building relationship and sending and receiving communications. Management by Walking Around, or MBWA, gathering workers at their workstations or meeting rooms, or joining them for dine are just an uncommon of the countless effective methodologies leaders can practice to develop positive relations with employees. Interpersonal skills: Successful businesspersons are comfortable connecting to other individuals; they effortlessly create relationship and are at least more overenthusiastic than they are introvert. These features support leaders appear open-minded, pleasant, and calm in their position. Those abilities contribute to staff wanting to work together with their leader. They also support encourage employees to do a better work. When personnel can relate to their manager, they have faith in that their manager is more anxious about them, with their performance, and with their efficiency. Additionally, they have confidence in that they can drive to their manager with difficulties they come across on the work without be afraid of penalties for not knowing in what way to resolve matters. Not all industrialists are skillful at interpersonal abilities. Individuals that are not might discover it supportive to take a way, select a tutor or locate a counselor to help them construct interpersonal e xpertise. The intangible charge is too high to not to develop these abilities. Additionally, here is where a robust team originates into play. The less knowledgeable leader who is still book learning these skills can count on the team to get out and cooperate with workers, and spread an encouraging approach to help cultivate self-confidence. A can do, get it done attitude: Nothing figures an image of success more than accomplishment, and accomplishment is the number one reason that encourages just about everybody across all cultures. When personnel realize that their manager can lead and direct, has a clear visualization and achievable objectives, and in fact gains outcomes in a timely way, then that individuals credibility upsurges throughout the business. Businesspersons must humbly exhibit their abilities to give their constituents lawful reasons to appreciate and value their hard work. Inspiration: Quite frequently, personnel need somebody to look up to for direction, supervision, and inspiration. The businessperson needs to be that individual. I hope that Human Resources have employed enthusiastic individuals. However, there are periods, when many workers need the manager to motivate them by conversation or action. Employees need somebody to look up to, respect, and follow. Even when the production or distribution of services looks like it is all working fine, the leader may perhaps at times required to step in individually to offer a recommendation or reassurance to make sure that workers accomplish their jobs in an optimal manner. Ambition: Sleeping on your achievements is immoral for employee spirits and commercial trustworthiness. Workers need to be repetitively motivated for enhancement and attainment; and they need to see the equivalent and extra in their leaders. When the manager is trailed as somebody who works to accomplish progressively greater goals, personnel will be overwhelmed and more enthusiastic to emulate that behavior. It is a win-win for everybody.

Free College Admissions Essays: Multifaceted Background :: College Admissions Essays

Multifaceted Background-- University of Illinois Writing a self-reflective tirade is perhaps one of the most difficult tasks to perform. I have found myself pondering this topic for an unusually long time; no one has ever asked me to write about my culture-- the one thing about myself which I understand the least. This question which is so easy for others to answer often leads me into a series of convoluted explanations, "I was born in the U.S., but lived in Pakistan since I was six. My brothers moved to the US when I was thirteen" I am now nearly twenty, which means I have spent half my life being Pakistani, the other half trying to be American, or is the other way around? I do not consider myself Paki-American. I am too "Americanized" to be Pakistani. (although by birthright, I am American), and I am not quite up to par with the American way of life. So what does all this have to do with my culture, what does a label really matter to cultural identity? It matters much. I believe that this seemingly trivial confusion over labels reveals the even greater confusion that surrounds my cultural identity: Am I a bridge between these two multifaceted cultures, or have I become a mosaic displaying colors from here and there, and elsewhere too? Perhaps both, and I could be a colorful bridge, or perhaps neither. Whatever the case, I cannot seem to separate these absolutely disparate realities within me. Their forces are still clashing, coming together within me, creating a wonderful confusion out of me. I believe that to truly analyze my culture, the roots of this confusion must be explored. In the span of this essay, I must try to encompass the widths of two wo rlds, their unique interactions within me... which I hope constitute what is called culture. I am an alien of sorts. I am an alien in my own country... but what is my own country? I am an alien wherever I go. In Pakistan, my somewhat eroded Urdu reveals my American leanings. In the U.S., my slight accent and appearance mark me as a "minority." Being bi-cultural has placed me in a perplexing portal between two separate worlds, with their own unique ideology, thinking, traditions and

Surrogate Motherhood Essay -- essays research papers

Surrogate motherhood refers to that condition of a fertile (footnote) woman who has been contracted to become impregnated via reproductive technologies such as donor or artificial insemination. It is that condition wherein that fertile woman also has agreed to transfer her rights on the child to the biological parents after giving birth. This is bounded by a contract that was signed by the contracting parents and the surrogate. The reasons for this generally fall into two categories. Either the contracting couple is unable to produce a child or they would prefer to eliminate or enhance certain genetic traits. My argument would apply to either case. For the purpose of this paper, the motivations are irrelevant and the logic following applies to both. The possibility of surrogacy has gotten people into quite a tizzy with furious debates concerning issues such as the commedification of a woman’s reproductive organs, the physiological & psychological harm, and its social impa cts on a religious definition of marriage. I will defend the claim that surrogacy is an immoral action which places a socially constructed and therefore arbitrary value on the natural phenomenon of human reproduction, the implications of viewing the natural in terms of the artificial can be seen through the increase psychological and health risks of the women that contract. Prior to discussing the ethical issues, I must discuss the scientific process involved. There are actually various types of reproductive technologies women can undergo. These would include, as mentioned earlier, donor or artificial insemination, assisted hatching, in vitro fertilization, gametra fallopian transfer, zygote intrafallopian transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo micromanipulation. These are actually the technologies employed in the process of surrogacy (Hinman, 2001). Surrogacy or surrogate motherhood, like reproductive technologies, can be further classified as gestational surrogacy, traditional surrogacy, and egg donation. Gestational surrogacy, as defined by various references, would refer to the surrogacy condition wherein there in absolutely no genetic link between the child and the carrier. This may be in the form of the following (Canadian Surrogacy Options, Inc.) Traditional surrogacy, on the other hand, would refer to the surrogacy condition wherein ... ...definition of Motherhood†. The Journal of Philosophy, Science and Law. February 2002, vol. 2. Lecture Notes in Business Ethics. 2004 McDowell, Janet Dickey. â€Å"The Procreations Ethics Series: Surrogate Motherhood.† The Journal of Lutheran Ethics. http://www.elca.org./jle/alc_lca.procreation_ethics_surrogate_motherhood.html O'Neill, Terry (ed.). Biomedical Ethics: Opposing Viewpoints. Greenhaven Press, Inc., San Diego CA,  © 1994. pp. 185-196. Ragone, Helen. 1994. Chasing the blood tie: Surrogate mothers, adoptive mothers and fathers. American Ethnologist. Richardson, Herbert. On the Problem of Surrogate Parenthood: Analyzing the Baby M Case. 1987. Squire, Susan. "Whatever Happened to Baby M?" Redbook, January 1994. Whitehead, Mary Beth, with Loretta Schwartz-Nobel. A Mother's Story: The Truth About the Baby M Case. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989. Surrogate Motherhood. < http://www.debatabase.org/details.asp?topicID=93 > Surrogate Mothers. Types of Surrogacy. The Canadian Surrogacy Options, Inc. http://www.canadiansurrogacyoptions.com/SurrogacyTypes.asp The Case of Baby M: 1988. Women's Rights on Trial, 1st Ed., Gale, 1997, p.312.

William Morris Essay example -- Visual Arts Paintings Art

William Morris William Morris, English poet, artist, socialist reformer, and innovator in the Arts and Crafts Movement. He was born in Walthamstow, then a village, and moved to a grand residence there called Water House at the age of 14 - this has since become the William Morris Gallery. He studied at Oxford with the intention of becoming a clergyman, but while there he met Edward Coley Burne-Jones, also studying for the church, and they both began to turn towards art. They were persuaded by Rossetti to give up the studies and become artists. Morris did a year in architectural practice of G. E. Street, and then turned to painting. However, he soon found that his metier was design. The cooperative attempt to decorate his new house (the Red House, built by Philip Webb) at Bexleyheath, south east of London, lead to the setting up of the firm Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Co. The partners were Morris, Burne-Jones, Rossetti, Ford Madox Brown, Philip Webb, Charles Faulkner, and Peter Paul Marshall, a surveyor. The firm was set up as a 'company of Fine Art Workmen', designing and producing (or at least supervising the production of) furniture, wallpaper, murals, tapestry work, stained glass windows, metalwork, tapestries, and smaller works such as tiles and embroidery. It started in 8 Lion Square, London, where there was sufficient space for workshops, showrooms, and a kiln in the basement for tile production. The firm later became simply Morris and Co. when Morris - always bless...

Good and Evil (a Wrinkle in Time, and Frankenstein Review) Essay

â€Å"Life is neither good or evil, but only a place for good and evil. † – Marcus Aurelius. A Wrinkle in Time is a book about the journey through the war of good versus evil and the ultimate triumph of love. Every character is clearly distinguished with either good or evil: the â€Å"good† characters include Meg, her family, Calvin, the Mrs. W’s, Aunt Beast, and the Happy Medium; the â€Å"evil† characters include IT, The Dark Thing, and the Man with the Red Eyes. Frankenstein, on the other hand, is a story told in a series of letters, as Robert Walton, the captain of a ship bound for the North Pole, recounts to his sister back in England the progress of his dangerous mission. Successful early on, the mission is soon to be disturbed by seas full of impassable ice. Trapped, Walton encounters Victor Frankenstein, who had been travelling by dog-drawn sledge across the ice and is weakened by the cold. Walton take him abroad the ship, helps nurse him back to health, and hears the fantastic tale of the monster the Frankenstein created. This tale that Frankenstein is reciting reveals the two sides that a person, or a living creature can portray: good and evil. Frankenstein was banned in South Africa for being â€Å"obscene† and â€Å"indecent†, while A Wrinkle in Time was banned for having a fantasy-related genre throughout the plot, including witches and demons. Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. â€Å"Slave, I before reasoned with you, but you have proved yourself unworthy of my condescension. Remember that I have power; you believe yourself miserable, but I can make you so wretched that the light of day will be hateful to you. You are my creator, but I am your master; — obey! † (Shelley 149). In Frankenstein, the monster represents evil, as it comes to life, and terrorizes its creator. Dangerous knowledge is an ideal theme in Frankenstein. The pursuit of knowledge is right in the middle of Frankenstein, as Victor attempts to go beyond accepted human limits and find out the secret of life. Likewise, Robert Walton attempts to pass the past human explorations by being determined to reach the North Pole. In A Wrinkle In Time, comfort and individuality is a major theme that I saw throughout the plot. The main character, Meg, is caught between the desire for conformity and the expression of her own creative nature. At the beginning of the novel Meg feels embittered towards other students at her school that make fun of her and tease her for being different, as well as those who see her little brother as being weird or odd. She desperately wants to be more like her twin brothers who have little problem fitting in. The theme that the two stories share, and that I have mentioned before, is the theme titled good and evil: â€Å"Suddenly there was a great burst of light through the Darkness. The light spread out and where it touched the Darkness the Darkness disappeared. The light spread until the patch of Dark Thing had vanished, and there was only a gentle shining, and through the shining came the stars, clear and pure. Then, slowly, the shining dwindled until it, too, was gone, and there was nothing but stars and starlight. No shadows. No fear. Only the stars and the clear darkness of space, quite different from the fearful darkness of the Thing† (L’Engle 102). It’s interesting that the defeat of the Black Thing doesn’t lead to the universe being lit up like a baseball stadium, but rather to an absence of unnatural darkness. It’s almost like the battle isn’t so much between evil and good as between evil and the normal. Characters are â€Å"Plot is no more than footprints left in the snow after your characters have run by on their way to incredible destinations† – Ray Bradbury. In Frankenstein, the main character or the creator of the monster. Victor becomes obsessed with the idea of creating an artificial human form and eventually attempts to make it. Immediately after creating the monster, he falls into a depression and starts to fear. He leaves the school and returns home to his family, where he finds only tragedy. Not fully aware of the consequences of his creating a new human, he ends up really spending his entire life trying to destroy the same creation he was working to make for so long. In a Wrinkle In Time however, the protagonist is portrayed a bit differently: Meg Murry, The book’s hero, an awkward, but loving high school student who is sent on an adventure through time and space with her brother Charles Wallace and friend Calvin to rescue her father from the evil force that is attempting to take over the universe. Meg’s greatest faults are her anger, impatience, and lack of self-confidence, but she changes and overcomes them, and in the end is victorious, as the story ends with a stereotypical kid’s-story ending. A happy ending for the protagonist. The main differences that I saw between the two are the two protagonists: Meg Murry (A Wrinkle In Time), and Victor Frankenstein (Frankenstein), are to begin with, set in different times. A Wrinkle In Time could be set anywhere in the recent past. Frankenstein however, is set in the late 18th century. The whole concept of Frankenstein is much darker, and in fact I would say it could be classified as gothic science fiction, as the characters are much darker, and seem more serious and cold-hearted by the way Shelley describes them compared to the other book. A Wrinkle In Time is much lighter, as the characters, their actions, and abilities are all easier, and always give the advantage to the â€Å"good guys†. Also the whole concept of the book, and the idea of it, is more for a child’s imagination to handle and comprehend compared to Frankenstein, and I would classify it as plain science and fantasy fiction. Although these differences shape the stories in totally different directions, there are some similarities: The similarities between the characters and their traits are that they both have solid downsides to them. As I mentioned before, Meg’s (A Wrinkle In Time) faults are her temper, impatience, and lack of confidence in herself, and Victor’s (Frankenstein) faults are that he is in a depression and great fear throughout the plot after the Monster is created and is woken. Another trait I can compare between the two protagonists, are their determination to reach their final goal. Although I cannot see it in either book, but both books were officially banned in one place or another for ridiculous reasons. Frankenstein was banned in South Africa for being â€Å"obscene† and â€Å"indecent† in 1955. Maybe 57 years ago there were different rules and traits a person had to portray to be defined as â€Å"good†, but to make this specific book banned for being â€Å"obscene† (which means that it is offensive or the opposite of accepted manner). A Wrinkle In Time is banned for having witches, crystal balls and demons. Also, because Jesus is listed among the names of great artists, philosophers and teachers, and it is banned in the U. S. â€Å"Thus strangely are our souls constructed, and by such slight ligaments are we bound to prosperity or ruin† (Shelley 37). All in all, these books have more differences than similarities in my opinion. Although both are really good, one is dark while the other is light compared. The similarities that I saw in the characters, the themes, and the reason they were censored are mostly because of the relationship between good and evil throughout it. Studying these two books and the reason for them being banned has surprisingly changed my life in a minor way, as I learned how people from different cultures and education they grew up with react to different things, and I learned to compare and contrast, not only the books, but real life situations such as the South Africans who banned Frankenstein versus my lifestyle and way-of-thinking. â€Å"Life is neither good or evil, but only a place for good and evil. † – Marcus Aurelius. A Wrinkle in Time is a book about the journey through the war of good versus evil and the ultimate triumph of love. Every character is clearly distinguished with either good or evil: the â€Å"good† characters include Meg, her family, Calvin, the Mrs. W’s, Aunt Beast, and the Happy Medium; the â€Å"evil† characters include IT, The Dark Thing, and the Man with the Red Eyes. Frankenstein, on the other hand, is a story told in a series of letters, as Robert Walton, the captain of a ship bound for the North Pole, recounts to his sister back in England the progress of his dangerous mission. Successful early on, the mission is soon to be disturbed by seas full of impassable ice. Trapped, Walton encounters Victor Frankenstein, who had been travelling by dog-drawn sledge across the ice and is weakened by the cold. Walton take him abroad the ship, helps nurse him back to health, and hears the fantastic tale of the monster the Frankenstein created. This tale that Frankenstein is reciting reveals the two sides that a person, or a living creature can portray: good and evil. Frankenstein was banned in South Africa for being â€Å"obscene† and â€Å"indecent†, while A Wrinkle in Time was banned for having a fantasy-related genre throughout the plot, including witches and demons. Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. â€Å"Slave, I before reasoned with you, but you have proved yourself unworthy of my condescension. Remember that I have power; you believe yourself miserable, but I can make you so wretched that the light of day will be hateful to you. You are my creator, but I am your master; — obey! † (Shelley 149). In Frankenstein, the monster represents evil, as it comes to life, and terrorizes its creator. Dangerous knowledge is an ideal theme in Frankenstein. The pursuit of knowledge is right in the middle of Frankenstein, as Victor attempts to go beyond accepted human limits and find out the secret of life. Likewise, Robert Walton attempts to pass the past human explorations by being determined to reach the North Pole. In A Wrinkle In Time, comfort and individuality is a major theme that I saw throughout the plot. The main character, Meg, is caught between the desire for conformity and the expression of her own creative nature. At the beginning of the novel Meg feels embittered towards other students at her school that make fun of her and tease her for being different, as well as those who see her little brother as being weird or odd. She desperately wants to be more like her twin brothers who have little problem fitting in. The theme that the two stories share, and that I have mentioned before, is the theme titled good and evil: â€Å"Suddenly there was a great burst of light through the Darkness. The light spread out and where it touched the Darkness the Darkness disappeared. The light spread until the patch of Dark Thing had vanished, and there was only a gentle shining, and through the shining came the stars, clear and pure. Then, slowly, the shining dwindled until it, too, was gone, and there was nothing but stars and starlight. No shadows. No fear. Only the stars and the clear darkness of space, quite different from the fearful darkness of the Thing† (L’Engle 102). It’s interesting that the defeat of the Black Thing doesn’t lead to the universe being lit up like a baseball stadium, but rather to an absence of unnatural darkness. It’s almost like the battle isn’t so much between evil and good as between evil and the normal. Characters are â€Å"Plot is no more than footprints left in the snow after your characters have run by on their way to incredible destinations† – Ray Bradbury. In Frankenstein, the main character or the creator of the monster. Victor becomes obsessed with the idea of creating an artificial human form and eventually attempts to make it. Immediately after creating the monster, he falls into a depression and starts to fear. He leaves the school and returns home to his family, where he finds only tragedy. Not fully aware of the consequences of his creating a new human, he ends up really spending his entire life trying to destroy the same creation he was working to make for so long. In a Wrinkle In Time however, the protagonist is portrayed a bit differently: Meg Murry, The book’s hero, an awkward, but loving high school student who is sent on an adventure through time and space with her brother Charles Wallace and friend Calvin to rescue her father from the evil force that is attempting to take over the universe. Meg’s greatest faults are her anger, impatience, and lack of self-confidence, but she changes and overcomes them, and in the end is victorious, as the story ends with a stereotypical kid’s-story ending. A happy ending for the protagonist. The main differences that I saw between the two are the two protagonists: Meg Murry (A Wrinkle In Time), and Victor Frankenstein (Frankenstein), are to begin with, set in different times. A Wrinkle In Time could be set anywhere in the recent past. Frankenstein however, is set in the late 18th century. The whole concept of Frankenstein is much darker, and in fact I would say it could be classified as gothic science fiction, as the characters are much darker, and seem more serious and cold-hearted by the way Shelley describes them compared to the other book. A Wrinkle In Time is much lighter, as the characters, their actions, and abilities are all easier, and always give the advantage to the â€Å"good guys†. Also the whole concept of the book, and the idea of it, is more for a child’s imagination to handle and comprehend compared to Frankenstein, and I would classify it as plain science and fantasy fiction. Although these differences shape the stories in totally different directions, there are some similarities: The similarities between the characters and their traits are that they both have solid downsides to them. As I mentioned before, Meg’s (A Wrinkle In Time) faults are her temper, impatience, and lack of confidence in herself, and Victor’s (Frankenstein) faults are that he is in a depression and great fear throughout the plot after the Monster is created and is woken. Another trait I can compare between the two protagonists, are their determination to reach their final goal. Although I cannot see it in either book, but both books were officially banned in one place or another for ridiculous reasons. Frankenstein was banned in South Africa for being â€Å"obscene† and â€Å"indecent† in 1955. Maybe 57 years ago there were different rules and traits a person had to portray to be defined as â€Å"good†, but to make this specific book banned for being â€Å"obscene† (which means that it is offensive or the opposite of accepted manner). A Wrinkle In Time is banned for having witches, crystal balls and demons. Also, because Jesus is listed among the names of great artists, philosophers and teachers, and it is banned in the U. S. â€Å"Thus strangely are our souls constructed, and by such slight ligaments are we bound to prosperity or ruin† (Shelley 37). All in all, these books have more differences than similarities in my opinion. Although both are really good, one is dark while the other is light compared. The similarities that I saw in the characters, the themes, and the reason they were censored are mostly because of the relationship between good and evil throughout it. Studying these two books and the reason for them being banned has surprisingly changed my life in a minor way, as I learned how people from different cultures and education they grew up with react to different things, and I learned to compare and contrast, not only the books, but real life situations such as the South Africans who banned Frankenstein versus my lifestyle and way-of-thinking.

Positioning the Tata Nano †Case Memo

Positioning the Tata Nano – Case Memo Introduction: Tata Motors Limited (TML), a part of Tata group, a highly respected conglomerate has a product that will revolutionize the way India travels. The team was successful in delivering a car that meets the goal price of 1 lakh rupees. People welcomed it with high pre bookings and initial sales. But it has been found that the car didn’t hit the target market. The initial excitement faded away leading to drastic downfall in sales. We have analyzed the case to bring out the strengths and marketing strategies that TML can play to improve upon its sales. Strength: . At 1 lakh, price is the major strength of Nano. It has been priced between the cheapest car and a bike. 2. Fuel efficient car in the Indian market. 3. Easily accommodate a family of four. 4. Tata group is the most respected corporates in India. This gives TML an advantage as people trust the brand. 5. The compact design provides easy maneuverability in the congested city traffics. Weakness: 1. Positioning of the product as a cheap car. 2. Capacity limitation due to postponement of new factory lead to lottery based delivery. 3. Absence of enough TML dealers to cover the length and breadth of the country. . Low margin for the dealers. While TML provided 4 to 10 percent dealer margin for Nano the dealer margin was only 2 to 3 percent. Opportunities: 1. TML team views nano as an opportunity to provide a safer means of transport to a typical Indian family which rides on a motorcycle. The two wheeler segment presents itself as a great opportunity to nano to tap in. 76 % of automobile sales is in two wheeler market. 2. A large percentage of Indians lie in the middle class income range. Presently their disposable income is on the rise due to better job opportunities.The fact that this section of people doesn’t have a car and also prefer to own one if affordable provides TML with unprecedented market opportunity. 3. Rising fuel prices will be adv antageous to Nano as it is fuel efficient when compared to other cars in the same segment. 4. The new Sanand factory will help achieve the scale of operation . Threats: 1. The major threat for Nano is from the cars placed in mid-sized segment. Paying a bit more customers get a larger car with bigger engine and a longer track record. 2. Incidents of some Nanos catching fire also deterred customers from buying the car.Although the fire was due to foreign electronic particles it did dampened the market sentiments. 3. Nano missed its target market and it was catering to a market of second car buyers. 4. The advanced versions which were well above 1 lakh were selling more than basic model. This led to critics criticize that Nano might increase the congestion in roads. 5. Political threats like Singur land problem. The SWOT analysis of Nano provided a picture of the product and the brand. We have used 4 Ps of marketing mix to further analyze the different aspects of Nano. Product:While de veloping Nano the whole team had one objective to provide a low cost car without compromising on the quality of the car. TML went on with the following strategies to achieve this goal. 1. Nano was the most fuel efficient and economical car. 2. Three models are available: Nano, Nano CX and Nano LX. Nano had only the basic features without power steering, power windows etc. The other models had extra features. 3. The car was designed to accommodate more in less space. Engine was kept in rear portion to achieve this goal. 4. The suppliers were also roped into the design.They made light weight , low cost parts designed especially for Tata Nano. 5. Nano had parts supplied from 100 suppliers. The suppliers viewed this as a new opportunity to develop their capabilities. 6. The engines for Nano were developed by TML itself. Tata nano has a 624 cc 2 engine cylinder. The car as a product achieved its stated goals. But unexpected incidents of some Nanos catching fire led to build up of negativ e outlook on the quality of the product. Tata did took steps to ensure the quality of the product. 1. It fitted additional safety parts in every nano. . TML had four nanos touring all over India to prove that their product is capable of withstanding all conditions. TML could have gone for safety certifications but the cost prevented it from providing basic safety measures like air bags and anti-lock brakes. Pricing: Pricing is the USP for Nano. The whole product evolved around the goal price of 1 lakh. Apart from the lower price of Nano TML also had cut dealership margins. 1. Only the basic model was priced at 1 lakh while the other variants CX and LX were priced at 157,808 and 181,438 rupees. 2.Dealer margins for nano were between 2 to 3 percentage with a 1 percent discount off the full dealer cost if the dealer paid cash up front. 3. Although nor confirmed by TML it is believed that manufacturer margin was around 15 percent. The basic model with 1 lakh pricing failed to lure the c ustomers while the advanced models with higher prices had more takers. Distribution: 1. Inadequacy of dealerships was bothering TML as they couldn’t reach out to the target market. 2. TML had 214 dealerships spread over 28 states in the country. 3. TML followed an unique model for pre bookings. It took leverage of other Tata group companies.The pre booking forms were made available in Croma ,Westside stores, World of Titan and Tata Indicom exclusive stores. In addition the pre booking can be done through online or from SBI banks. 4. The land problem led to capacity limitation. The initial production was limited to 50,000 nanos. 5. A lottery system was used to allocate cars to people who had pre booked it. 6. TML had an idea to promote entrepreneurial engineers to assemble the car at a rural location where distribution was not available. But this idea was dropped due to concerns on warranty. Promotions: Promotion of nano was a major task ahead of Ratan Tata.TML needs to adjust its marketing strategies in order to sell the volume of cars that could be produced with the new plant. The following are the ways in which the product was promoted. 1. Right from the beginning Nano was promoted heavily by advertisements. The car was advertised as cheapest car in the market. 2. TML concentrated on the price aspect alone in its campaigns. This had negative impact on the minds of customers that the car may not be on par with its qualities. TML should make sure to change the perception of customers so that they don’t view nano as low cost car but an affordable car with quality standards.The quality standards and safety measures have to be promoted vigorously as the people expect these features when investing 1 lakh rupees. Conclusion: TML has a product that will help the millions to get a decent and safe way to travel. Unlike the second car buyers, the middle class i. e. the first time car buyers will view nano as a way to travel along with family. It leads to high expectations on safety and quality since individuals never risk the safety of their family. TML has to make sure that the product is rightly positioned as the one with necessary quality standards and high safety measures to rope in a middle class customer.

Greece: A Country with a Rich Cultural

Greece is a country characterized by a remarkable history and a rich cultural heritage.   In ancient times, Greece played a crucial role in early civilization that proved to be monumental in shaping both European and world history.   At present, it successfully maintains its distinct culture in the dynamic modern society.Greece is a country with the land area of 131, 957 square kilometers (â€Å"Countries† 302).  Ã‚  Ã‚   Its capital is Athens, which is also one of its major cities (â€Å"Countries† 302).   Other major cities include Thessaloniki, Piraeus, Patras, Iraklion and Larissa (U.S. Department of State).   In 2005, the Greek population was estimated at 11,104,000, ten percent of which consists of immigrants (U.S. Department of State).   Three million of the said population is situated in Greater Athens (U.S. Department of State).In terms of religion, the majority of the Greek citizens are members of the Greek Orthodox Church (â€Å"Countries† 302).   Other religions present in Greek society include Islam, Roman Catholicism and Protestantism (â€Å"Countries† 302).   Greece is characterized by an interesting and diverse culture which is established on customs and traditions, religion, food and wine, and music.   Religion and traditions are closely linked, since the latter is usually based and anchored on the former.   Ironically, the Greeks also believe in superstitions.One of the Greek traditions still honored today at is the name day celebration (Greeka).   The Greeks give more importance to name days than birthdays; those who share a name with a celebrated saint also celebrate in a particular day of the year.   During a certain person's â€Å"name day,† family and friends visit to give wishes and gifts.   At the house, the hostess provides food for the guests (Greeka).Another Greek tradition is the Carnival or the â€Å"Apokries† (Greeka).  Ã‚   This feast occurs within a two week p eriod; it starts on Sunday of Meat Fare and ends on â€Å"Clean Monday† or Kathari Deutera (Greeka). â€Å"Clean Monday† or Kathari Deutera is the first day of Lent; at this time, families usually gather for a picnic and kite flying.   The Carnival is believed to have originated from paganism, and is derived from the merrymaking associated with the god Dionysus (Greeka).   This tradition is characterized by people in costumes partying in the streets.   A Carnival parade is held in Patra, where the festivities take place from day until night (Greeka).Easter is also significant for the Greeks.   In fact, it is considered more important than Christmas (Greeka).   Easter is a celebration that brings Greek families together.   Greek women are tasked to color the eggs red using dye; Godparents also give the children new things, such as shoes and clothes (Greeka).   Even the houses and streets are prepared for this occasion, as both are whitewashed for Easter.   In addition, the Greek family gathers for a feast of roasted lamb, wine and appetizers (Greeka).Music also plays a crucial role in Greek culture.   Music in Greece began as early as Antiquity, as it was an essential part of Greek civilization (Greeka).   The best example would be that of Greek tragedy, in which music was one of its key elements.   The demise of Ancient Greece also resulted in the decline of Greek music.   Fortunately, Greek music reemerged in the 19th century (Greeka).Folk songs also play a large role in Greek history.   The folk songs originated from ancient times (Greeka).   These songs are categorized into two: akritic and klephtic styles of music.   The former originated in 9th century AD. This kind of music conveyed the experiences and hardships of the â€Å"akrites,† or the Byzantine Empire guards (Greeka).   The latter was produced by â€Å"kleftes† or those who fought against the Ottoman Empire.Even though music is an express ion of the gruesome period in Greek history, it also included love songs.   This style of music was believed to have originated between the latter part of the Byzantine era and the early part of the Greek Revolution (Greeka).   Instruments that accompanied the folk songs include the bagpipe, tambourine and lute, just to name a few.   Other important elements of the Greek musical tradition are cantadha, nisiotika and rebetiko (Greeka).Food and wine are also significant in Greek culture (Greeka).   Greece is known for their appetizers and wines.   Mezedes, or Greek appetizers, are crucial in Mediterranean culture, as it promotes friendship through the sharing of food.   Some of the recognized Greek appetizers include the Greek salad or Horiatiki Salata, Tiropitakia, Htapodi and Feta cheese.Greece also produces wines. It is therefore no surprise that Greek alcohol such as Tsipouro and Ouzo are a main component in Greek culture.   Also, meat is almost always present in Gre ek main dishes, while their soups are very much preferred during the winter season.   The Greeks are also famous for the herbs and spices used in their dishes (Greeka).The history of Greece is extensive and thorough.   Greek culture began in the classical era, and proved to be a crucial element in the development of civilization in general (Pounds 326).   The Greek island of Crete was the location for the Minoan civilization, the earliest in Europe (â€Å"Countries† 303).   Greece is also home to the city-states, whose prosperity brought the development of culture in aspects such as philosophy, literature, politics, architecture and art (â€Å"Countries† 303-304).   Greek civilization was at its peak under the control of Philip II of Macedonia and his son, Alexander the Great.   However, the Greek civilization declined when the Roman civilization emerged (â€Å"Countries† 304).Greek history also includes several wars. Civil War erupted following the occupation of German forces from 1941 to 1944 (â€Å"Countries† 304).   Then, under the leadership of Prime Minister Eleutherios Venizelos, Greece officially became a part of World War I in 1917 (Pounds 328).The history of Greece was also marked by the constant change in form of government.   From 1925 to 1935, Greece was a republic (Pounds 328).   Then, Greece became a constitutional monarchy (Pounds 328).   In 1967, the monarchy was deposed by a military coup (â€Å"Countries† 304).   The republic was restored in 1973, which lasted for only a year.   In 1975, democratic elections were held once again.   Six years later, Andreas Papandreou became the first socialist Prime Minister of Greece.   Then, in 1990, a Democratic Party member named Constantine Mitsotakis was elected at the same post (â€Å"Countries† 304).With its extensive historical background, Greece remains a crucial part of world civilization.   With its customs and traditions, Gr eece keeps its diverse and unique culture in modern day society.   Indeed, Greece remains relevant at present through its history and culture.Works CitedBateham, Graham, and Victoria Egan, eds. Illustrated Guide to Countries of the World. Australia: RD Press, 1996.Greeka. 17 March 2008 ;http://www.greeka.com/greece-culture/;.Pounds, Norman J.G. â€Å"Greece.† Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia. 21 vols. New York: Lexicon Publications, Inc., 1992.U.S. Department of State.   17 March 2008 ;https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3395.htm;.

Microeconomics and macroeconomics Essay

Microeconomics is the branch of economics which deals into a more ‘individual’ scope of the study, such as the choices made by people in terms of the utilization and allocation of resources as well as the pricing of goods and services. In addition, it includes taxes and the policies created by governments. This field of economics deals with supply and demand together with other factors that acts as determinants in identifying the price levels for particular companies in specific industries. This is exemplified by how microeconomics focus on a specific company’s potential to maximize its production as well as its capability to lower its prices to better compete in the particular industry that it belong to (Investopedia, n. p. ). On the other hand, macroeconomics deals with the behavior of the economy as a whole. Unlike microeconomics, it does not focus on specific companies but rather takes into account entire industries and economies. This field of economics studies phenomena that take place in a wide scope of the economy like the effects of Gross National Product (GDP) with unemployment, national income, rate growth as well as price levels. A good example is how macroeconomics measures the effects of the rise and fall of net exports in a country’s capital account and also how the unemployment rate affects the status of the GDP (Investopedia, n. p. ). Nevertheless, even though these two fields of economic are different from each other, they are actually interdependent. This is due to the fact that most of the issues that fall under each field overlap and thus, they compliment each other. Basically, microeconomics has a bottoms-up approach while macroeconomics has a top-down approach. Nonetheless, they should be understood and analyzed in order to fully comprehend how the economy works (Investopedia, n. p. ). Distinguish between positive and normative economics. Positive economics is responsible in providing a system of generalizations, which could be used to make accurate predictions regarding the effects of any variation in circumstances. It is free of any ethical position or normative judgments. Keynes further elaborated on this idea by saying that it deals with â€Å"what is â€Å"and not with â€Å"what ought to be† (Economist’s View, n. p. ). Being the case, positive economics is or can be an objective science because it is judged according to precision, scope, and conformity as well as with empirical evidences. Positive economics deals with the interrelations of human beings with each other as well as with the economy (Economist’s View, n. p. ). Normative economics, on the other hand, is different from positive economics because it takes into account subjectivity in its analysis. It deals with â€Å"what ought to be† rather than what is really happening because it is heavily dependent in value judgments and theoretical scenarios. Normative economics tend to represent opinion instead of an objective perspective. Moreover, normative economics could be valuable in establishing goals and new ideas. However, it should not be the basis for policy decisions (Investopedia, n. p. ). References â€Å"Milton Friedman: The Methodology of Positive Economics. † 26 November 2006. Economist’s View. 19 July 2008. . â€Å"Normative Economics. † 2008. Investopedia. 19 July 2008. . â€Å"What’s the difference between macroeconomics and microeconomics? † 2008. Investopedia. 19 July 2008. .