Define Motivation, Explain How the Expectancy Theory Works Essay Example for Free

Define Motivation, Explain How the Expectancy Theory Works Essay TEMPLATE FOR SUMMARISING AND EVALUATING ARTICLES FROM SCHOLARLY JOURNALS Title and Article Reference| Robert G. Isaac, Wilfred J. Zerbe and Douglas C. Pitt(Summer 2001) Leadership And Motivation: The Effective Application Of Expectancy Theory, Journal of Managerial Issues , Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 212-226| Aim / Purpose of article| In this article, we discuss the application of a motivational model that provides a practical tool for individuals wishing to assume leadership roles. This model, namely expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964; Porter and Lawler, 1968), suggests that individuals, acting through self-interest, adopt courses of action perceived as maximizing the probability of desirable outcomes for themselves. This desire to maximize self-interest provides aspiring leaders with unique opportunities to assume leadership roles by simultaneously meeting both follower needs and organizational requirements| Sample, location, method of data collection and analysis| Article was only theoretical. No empirical evidence offered| Findings/Interpretations reported in the article| Leadership is hard work because it means stepping forward and taking the time to motivate each follower on a personal basis, according to the principles of the model of expectancy theory.| Significance/contribution of the article in relation to your other articles and your topic| This article also contains solid information which outlines that the expectancy theory is used by leadership to motivate their employee’s by meeting their expectation which then inspires them to perform their task highly.| Strengths of the article| Well researched with strong background in the exploration prior of research| Weaknesses of the a rticle| No weakness indicated as the expectancy theory has proven to be vital for leadership and management.| Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment| â€Å"V. H. Vroom (1964) suggested that people consciously choose particular courses of action, based upon perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs, as a consequence of their desires to enhance pleasure and avoid pain†. (Leadership And Motivation: The Effective Application Of Expectancy Theory) Summer 2001 p 214| Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment| â€Å"In essence, the model suggests that the individual feels motivated when three conditions are perceived†1. The personal expenditure of effort will result in an acceptable level of performance. 2. The performance level achieved will result in a specific out-come for the person3.The outcome attained is personally valuedSummer 2001 p 215|

What Is An Education? :: essays research papers

What is an Education? According to the Oxford English Dictionary one of the definitions of the word "education" is: "The systematic instruction, schooling or training given to the young in preparation for the work of life; by extension, similar instruction or training obtained in adult age. Also, the whole course of scholastic instruction which a person has received. Often with limiting words denoting the nature of the predominant subject of the instruction or kind of life it prepares, as classical, legal, medical, technical, commercial, art education." Although this is an accurate description of what an actual education may be, there is a great deal more to the process of becoming educated than the actual instruction and schooling one may receive. If you asked a person in high school or college exactly why he is in school his response would probably have something to do with "getting an education." Is that really why he is there? The next question you may ask is "what are you going to do with your education?" The response would undoubtedly include something about "getting a good job" or perhaps "to make a lot of money." Most of the people in the United States have been brainwashed to think that unless one has at least a high school diploma there is no future anywhere for him. This is completely untrue. There is no guarantee that getting a high school "education" is going to get you anywhere. A student may spend eight years between high school and college getting an "education." He can graduate from college with A's in every class, but still, this "education" means nothing. For example, suppose this "Straight A" student goes for a job interview. Obviously one of the first things to be looked at is the college diploma. Good grades, which by today's standards are an indication of an educated individual, are usually very helpful in getting a good job. But alone, good grades are a completely unfair indication of how a person will perform under the pressures of the real world. Instead of looking at a person's grades during a job interview and deciding whether that person is eligible for a particular position, why not try something realistic? To determine a particular person's "education" why not allow the individual to apply what he knows to his position in the workplace. This is the true test of what an education is. The application of knowledge acquired is a much better determinant of true education than whether or not a person got an A in Wood Shop or World History. A good percentage of people in the United States graduated from high school.

Why Move to Austin, Texas

Why move to Austin, Texas? Goodbye high school, and welcome to the real world. You may have been spending a couple of years wondering what you’re going to do after high school. Were you going to go to college, or take a year off and work? We all know how teenagers think, their ready to move out and be on their own, do things that they want to do. Well why not try that somewhere else, New York? California? Why not Austin, Texas? Young adults around the ages 18 and 21 should move to Austin, live life on their own, and experience a place they have never seen before.Austin isn’t like any other place; these austinite’s do things their own unique way. Living on your own, and moving to a place you’ve never been before, is probably the hardest thing. You have to worry about getting a job, a place to live, school if that’s what you’re choosing to go there for, and meeting new people. Well I can tell you that Austin has all of that. Yes the saying â₠¬Å"Keep Austin Weird† might have you wondering, but trust me austinites know how to have a good time. The best fit for this age group on finding a place to live would be an apartment. Austin apartments are unique, and have different styles for different people.For the young I believe downtown apartments are more home fitting, walking distance to places, and you get to know Austin more. But if you’re not into the city living, Austin does have some great apartments outside the city. You will still be close to the city, but also see more of Austin besides downtown. All of Austin’s apartments are very reasonable; I believe they are way cheaper then any other state. Compared to a $3,000 apartment in California, apartments in Austin will the battle. With finding places to live you have to have money to pay for it. The next best thing is finding the perfect job.Some people may say Austin is the worst place to find a job, but it really isn’t. At this age youâ€⠄¢re not yet titled to have that office job, or be a business person just yet. So a small simple job will work, I know young adults don’t want to work at a fast food restaurant, so I can help give you ideas of jobs in better places. If you’re choosing to live downtown, there are a lot of stores and restaurants on what Austin calls â€Å"The Drag. † There is the University Co-op, where all the austinites get their Texas Longhorn gear. Tyler’s is also a famous place in Austin.But if you’re looking for work outside the city, there are always basic stores like Best Buy, Whole Foods, stores in the mall etc. If you’re trying to get the Austin vibe, I recommend working down at the drag, you get to see all the â€Å"weird Austin people,† and each day you could learn something knew from someone in Austin. â€Å"If you're ever in Austin and want to see something pretty cool, check out the side of Sound Exchange on the corner of Guadalupe (â₠¬Å"the Drag†) and 21th street. There's a picture of the frog of innocence (â€Å"Hi, how are you? â€Å") and a flying eyeball. † (Johnston. P1) That is one thing Austin is known for.Austin has a unique way of introducing its self to people around the world. Just like the â€Å"Keep Austin Weird† saying, the people are what make Austin a great place to live. You can walk down â€Å"The Drag† and see ten people with Tyler’s shirts on, with Nike shorts, and Tom shoes and people that aren’t from Austin say â€Å"What are they wearing? † Or hearing â€Å"OU Sucks! † when were not even playing them that game. You can’t forget about â€Å"The Music Capital,† Stevie Ray Vaughan made music here. Austin City Limits is one of the most popular events, people around the world come and play for this three day event.Also Marley Fest is another great event. The people in Austin make it fun to live here. You can go to California or New York and you can’t compare austinites to them, they have their own since of style and â€Å"weirdness. † â€Å"This one of a kind place is known to be a laid back city that lives off of life, live music, and Longhorn football! The people of this city take great pride in who they are and where they live, that is one fact that’s stands above all the others. † (Lu. P1) Austin is a great place for young adults, trying to live on their own. It’s friend and family caring, and it’s like your living at your own home.

Comparing Fascism, Communism and Nazism Essay - 705 Words

Comparing Fascism, Communism and Nazism Fascism, and discontent go hand in hand. After WWI Europe was devastated, the people had lost hope in the systems, neither the liberals, nor conservatives had been able to prevent the terrible disaster that was the war. Socialists were the closest one, however not happy with socialism either, a group of socialist joined and formed their own ideology. The difference between this new ideology, and other that had originated before, is that the first thing that comes to mind when you talk about fascism, is not what they stood for but what they hated most. Fascist hated socialism because of its internationality. They hated liberals because specifically because their ideology center in the†¦show more content†¦First, they were reacting to the Russian Revolution, and their relation to WWI. People lost faith in everything that existed before after the War, and the Russian Revolution was part of that. A radical difference between them and communists is that while communists emphasize d the struggle of classes; fascists in the union of all classes. There are a lot of similarities between Fascism, and Nazism. For example, both believe in the union of classes. In order to reach this goal it was necessary to reach each and every person, so they put great emphases in providing massive awareness through rallies, programmed tv, and radio. They put great emphasis in symbols, and they consider their leader to the greatest symbol since they had to embody the ideal of the nation. Both of them attempted to militarize politics, which is necessary since they did not allow any of their people to have any ideals, or believe that would lay outside their set of believes. Total unity was a key element in the success of their ideologies, so they went to extreme measures to eliminate all opposition. They believe that if they could not persuade someone to believe and follow them with words, then they would with violence. Violence was a key term for both this systems; they encourage street fight, or any other type of violent action that would show them where the strongest party. This included war, against allShow MoreRelatedComparing The Way Of Adolf Hitler, A Fascist Dictator, And Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin1629 Words   |  7 Pagesway Adolf Hitler, a fascist dictator, and Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, a communist dictator, controlled their countries and made political decisions, we have to learn what Fascism and Communism are. We must also look at how Hitler and Stalin came to power, as well as how they controlled their government. Starting with Fascism, it is basically when the state is the supreme power. Nothing gives orders above the state, and the state gives all orders. 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Arendt was able to popularise the term totalitarianism to link fascism and Nazism with communism.[3] Arendt’s work over the years has been criticised by some historians who claim it to be too simplistic and flawed because of its lack of research into Stalin. However, what needs noting upon is that she developed thisRead MoreThe Left And The Right Wing1575 Words   |  7 Pagesand always put in situations where they bounce ideas back and forth. Now, what this essay will focus on is not the differences between both sides but the differences and similarities within the far right, as well as the far left. We will not be comparing the right and the left, but rather the right to the right. Reactionaries and traditional conservatives, they are both in the far right but they are from different era’s. Would they still have the same point of views or are they slightly differentRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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