The Black Death and Its Effect on the Change in Medicine - Free Essay Example

Historians have argued if the Black Death in the 13th century advanced science and medicine or if it was just a terrible plague that wiped out most of the European population. The Black Death did in fact bring many discoveries to most of Europe. The aftermath of the plague led to advancements of medications and swayed everyone from their hardcore beliefs. Medical practices went from being theoretical, based on their theories of the human body, to being more based on evidence which was gained through experience from prior patients. The questions I want to answer in this paper are: why did it took so long to find a cure for the plague? Was the disease difficult to understand in general? Lastly, did other theories hold up to Galens? It all started in 1347, the time of the century where the people of Europe could not think it could be any worse. Slightly before this time, in 1316-1317, the people were already suffering from a famine due to volcanic eruptions which blocked out the sun. Later, came the cooling process as it rained too much for crops to grow. Families have doubled size roughly between 1000 and 1300s and there simply was not enough food to feed the people of Europe. It wasnt until 1347 when the Black Death, also known as the bubonic plague, was brought back by ship from Kaffa to the islands of Sicily. Kaffa was a Genoese trading center along the Black Sea, but, in 1346, the Huns were trying to take over the trade routes. This however, had allowed the Huns to become the victim of the plague. This caused at least 5 million deaths in China which caused the Huns to dump the bodies into Kaffa. This lead them into thinking it would cause the end of the plague but, unfortunately, the infected fleas will jump to different host bodies after the death of their original host body. This plague was then also brought to other European countries and it spread north. Everyone was equally harmed by this disease meaning, not only did this disease affect those who were poor, but also those who were rich. At this point, the people have been forgetting the proper burial and would be thrown into a mass grave. By 1350, with an exception to few, all of Europes trading routes were devastated by the disease (Sayre 443). Not only did the Black Death plague break out once, but also again in 1363, 1388-90, and 1400. Keep in mind these people were already suffering from lack of a supplementary food supply and their bodies were already severely weakened. The European people and those around them had not experienced a pandemic to the level of the Black Death in a quincentenary, and the plagues re-visitation in the 1400s was viewed as completely unparalleled. Therefore, the European people and those around them had no remembered period of time or an event to which they could turn to for guidance and stability. There was no past epidemic similar to the plague, meaning, they didnt have any historical time period to look back to. I believe that epidemic disease and environmental crisis were the most important factors in shaping European history in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. I think that many, if not most, specialists agree with me (Gottfried). Not only was the plague one of the biggest periods in European history, but it would later spark a revolution in the medical field. Galens theories were highly believed during this time, and he had created a medicine that could help with the plague. Theriac was one of the most popular plague medicines that he created. However, this medicine was not as easy as you would think to get. That medicine alone, simply contained 80 different ingredients. Physicians responsibility was the prevention of disease and to maintain and promote good health. The belief was that the disease was an imbalance of the four humors. Dry and cold in the humoral schema, such foodstuffs could engender the type of humors suitable to corroding and overcoming the pestilential poison, itself hot and moist. (Fabbri 250). Medicines in this time typically fell between three categories, purgatives, cordials, and antidotes. Puratives would cleanse the perfluous humors, Cordials strengthened the heart, brain, and liver, and antidotes neuralized poisons. Theriac was originally made for poisonous snake bites and was believed to be supremely effective against poison. Opium was one of the most significant simple ingredients contained in Theriac. This medicine was actually formed from one of the best medications, mithridatium, which was derived from Mithridates, King of Pontus (120-63 BC), and later, Andromachus the Elder added viper flesh into the recipe which increased the proportion of opium (Fabbri 254). It had been noted that when theriac was fresh, it constipated the bowels, for it contained opium and other constrictives; this effect was thought to be due to insufficient aging (Fabbri 255). Although it was considered the best form of medicine at the time, it took 10 years to sit and reach its true form. The advent of the Black Death provided ample opportunity to make use of the expanded pharmacopoeias of Arabic tradition, which had replaced many of the early monastic recipe books (Fabbri 262). What Fabbri is referring to is that the black Death allowed for the older recipes for medicine to be changed to a newer Arabian tradition of medicine a nd newer recipes were available in texts. Translations of Arabic pharmacopoeias, a book containing a list of medicinal drugs with directions on how to use them and their effects, were based on Greek, Persian, and Arabic terms (Fabbri 249). These were often but transliterations; this was more like a glossary or a lists of synonyms that were helpful, but without universal scientific criteria, linguistic, geographic, or functional confusion was easy. Moreover, their use of multiple types of preparations and routes of administration was further evidence of their pharmacologic expertise (Fabbri 269). Historians that went into pharmacology would try to avoid studying about medicaments during this time frame due to prejudices against ineffective therapies. It was difficult for the people of Europe to believe in this medication since so many people were dying from it still. However, many still believed its effectiveness since it took away quite a few symptoms of the plague. The effect of theriac on reported plague symptoms is difficult to assess. Multiple ingredients, together with lack of standardization and disputes about proper constituents, as well as possible chemical interactions, make this a challenging, if not impossible, task (Fabbri 267). Even with some of the backlash on the medication, Theriac was still a main source of medicine, but it wasnt the only form of treatment. There was philonium magnum, requies magna, and athanasia which were also treatments for the plague at the time (Fabbri 273). These were similar to Theriac in a way because they did the same purpose such as sedatives, used to prevents symptoms of the plague, and acted similar to muscle relaxers. This was also due to the amount of ways that Theriac was given. Theriac and theriac-like opiates were not only given in oral form as electuaries and syrups, but also in rectal, topical, transmucosal, and inhalable preparations (Fabbri 269). The difference between these and Theriac was that since Theriacs main ingredient was opioids, it solved acute pains. Theriac was not only used in the 1300s but was used up until late 1800s. The German pharmacopoeia still used Theriac until 1872 and 1884 edition of the Pharmacopee fran? §faise (Fabbri 280). Now, although in this time historic medical practices were still an uproar, there was still some practices that had to be constricted such as bloodletting. Bloodletting was used to balance out the four humors when one was off. This procedure was used as a cultural practice but precludes the physiologic elements because it was considered a magical belief. During this time period, physicians had an opportunity to succeed, gain credibility, and rein prestige over other physicians for immersing themselves into their profession and finding a cure to the devastating plague. However, they could to fail miserably and lose their credibility as an efficient medical practitioners, and ultimately lose their prestige throughout society. As a result to this competition against other physicians, they needed to act quickly, even if not directly with patients, in response to the plague, and had to do so in ways that preserve and secure their position in society. Few physicians responded by writing ample number of plague tractates, where they detailed the causes of the Black Death, how it could be prevented, and even, cures or ways in which to assuage the effects of the plague. Also, physicians wrote about the necessary preventative measures. Physicians warned the people to stay in the dry air with no corrupting vapors. These tractates also included on how to bathe and what your diet should be to prevent the plague. It is represented in the kinds of writings that physicians wrote across Europe which attempted to explain the Black Death and provide the solutions to it. Early tractates were typically concerned about the plagues causation and precautions against it. The cause and disease prevention were the main subjects of speculative medicine. As such, physicians educated in such departments gravitated toward the information and analyzed the teachings, and commented upon from earlier authorities who they studied from. Work of Hippocrates and other accepted authorities did not provide the information for medieval physicians on how to fight against an epidemic as big as the Black Death had become. Their work did not prepare newer physicians for the task they had in front of them. Galens Theriac was the closest they had to a remedy however, it did not cure the plague. New remedies had to be developed quickly. The problem was that even though the most outstanding physicians and surgeons were still learning, these new remedies had be based in practical experiences with plague victims. The process of this having to learn new ways to combat this plague began in the early years of the Black Death and continued to evolve throughout the fifteenth century. Initially, the tractates seem to have been a way to assert dominance in physicians of learned medicine. The inability to adequately serve the European populations in time of plague caused a preference for physicians to write advocating practical measures for combating the plague instead of just explaining it. Physicians had always had access to the observations of plague victims which means they had plenty of opportunity for discovering the best ways to care for the victims. However, it is evident that, despite the progress made, plague is still a deadly disease. While modern scientific knowledge has generally enhanced our understanding of the medical world of the past, in the case of the plague it has been a hindrance (Clouse). Thus, they continued interest in finding its treatment and sharing the findings through writing, which remained an important pursuit well after the Black Death itself. It wasnt until mid 1800s, after the most recent breakout of the plague, for an actual cure for the Black Death was found in China. Researchers isolated that the Black death was actually a rod shaped bacillus that was responsible. It was found that Yersinia pestis was the cause of the plague and found that rats also showed plague symptoms that were similar to people, and those who were infected typically had flea bites. The big question is why did it take so long to find a cure? Overall, the first step was finding a cause of the cure before curing the plague. It took hundreds of years to find what caused the plague since nobody exactly knew how it was started. They found ways of dealing with the symptoms, but besides curing the symptoms, it was difficult to find the true cause. Once the cause of the Black Death is found, they next have to find a treatment that actually will work against that specific cause. Then, they have to test their cure in isolated areas to determine if it would actually work. Today, there would be an extra step and make sure the drug is safe to use through phases of drug testing. Back then there wasnt processes such as this To this day, the plague is still around but due to research based on past experiences we were able to safely prescribe a medication to patients. It wasnt until mid 1800s when the cure for the plague was found, in accordance, the law was passed for prescription drugs to become legal. The legalization of prescription drugs allows for people to quickly solve a medical problem that they have without intense medical treatment. Prescriptions come in multiple different forms. Modern medicine has, indeed, similarly perfected inhalable, oral, transdermal, and transmucosal sustained release preparations for a variety of drugs, including narcotic analgesics. This allows variability for patients and gives their input, as well as their doctors, to choose what is best for that person. Not only did the Black Death allow for medication advances but also hospitals. The Black death revolutionized hospitals similar to how they are today. Hospitals use to be a place of hospitality rather than a place where you seek medical attention. When disease was based on the four humors, doctors would send them off with a way to cure it themselves. In a hospital, it is more relevant to be the one being helped rather than helping yourself. The Black death helped the European people realize that the four humors were not the fault of cause of disease anymore. People started realizing that the four humors being out of balance was just too wild of a theory for the cause of the plague. With the amount of people that were being affected by this disease, it was later introduced that contagion was the real concern. Contagion introduced the concept of quarantine and the importance of it for the concern of the public health. Quarantine may sound like an intense punishment however, it was one of the most successful ways of controlling the spread of the plague. When scientists do not have an effective cure, isolating the disease for the safety of the publics health is the best option. We find cases similar to this still in modern history. Ebola was a similar breakout and it shows us the fear that European people went through while facing the plague. The United States took actions of quarantine since we understood the concept of co ntagion. The Governments best option was to quarantine the infected until a cure could be found. In conclusion, the Black Death was an not only a devastating event in history but also one of the most beneficial. The impact on the medical field has developed the gifts we were given today through our health care system. While the Black Death was taking place, Galens medical knowledge led them into the right direction, but eventually allowed for us to learn from his knowledge. The results of the plague were devastating but was a push for the health system to find cures as well as advance its teachings and medical practices.

Mudarse Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

The reflexive verb mudarse means to move in the sense of changing ones residence, such as moving to a new house or apartment. For all other meanings of the verb to move, Spanish uses the verb mover. The non-reflexive verb mudar means to change, but it is not used very frequently. Mudarse is a much more commonly used verb. Therefore, this article contains mudarse conjugations in its reflexive form in the indicative mood (present, past, conditional, and future), the subjunctive mood (present and past), the imperative mood, and other verb forms. Mudarse Present Indicative The verb mudar is a regular -ar verb, so it follows the regular conjugation pattern. To conjugate mudarse, the reflexive pronoun should be included before each conjugated form. Yo me mudo I move Yo me mudo al dormitorio con mi compaà ±era. Tà º te mudas You move Tà º te mudas a otra ciudad por tu trabajo. Usted/à ©l/ella se muda You/he/she moves Ella se muda a un apartamento mà ¡s grande. Nosotros nos mudamos We move Nosotros nos mudamos a un condominio. Vosotros os mudà ¡is You move Vosotros os mudà ¡is a la casa nueva despuà ©s de la boda. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se mudan You/they move Ellos se mudan a otro paà ­s para asistir a la universidad. Mudarse Preterite Indicative The preterite tense is used to describe completed actions in the past. Yo me mudà © I moved Yo me mudà © al dormitorio con mi compaà ±era. Tà º te mudaste You moved Tà º te mudaste a otra ciudad por tu trabajo. Usted/à ©l/ella se mudà ³ You/he/she moved Ella se mudà ³ a un apartamento mà ¡s grande. Nosotros nos mudamos We moved Nosotros nos mudamos a un condominio. Vosotros os mudasteis You moved Vosotros os mudasteis a la casa nueva despuà ©s de la boda. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se mudaron You/they moved Ellos se mudaron a otro paà ­s para asistir a la universidad. Mudarse Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense is used to describe ongoing or repeated actions in the past. It can be translated as was moving or used to move. Yo me mudaba I used to move Yo me mudaba al dormitorio con mi compaà ±era. Tà º te mudabas You used to move Tà º te mudabas a otra ciudad por tu trabajo. Usted/à ©l/ella se mudaba You/he/she used to move Ella se mudaba a un apartamento mà ¡s grande. Nosotros nos mudà ¡bamos We used to move Nosotros nos mudà ¡bamos a un condominio. Vosotros os mudabais You used to move Vosotros os mudabaisa la casa nueva despuà ©s de la boda. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se mudaban You/they used to move Ellos se mudaban a otro paà ­s para asistir a la universidad. Mudarse Future Indicative The future tense is conjugated with the infinitive form mudar and the future tense endings (à ©, à ¡s, à ¡, emos, à ©is, à ¡n). Yo me mudarà © I will move Yo me mudarà ©al dormitorio con mi compaà ±era. Tà º te mudarà ¡s You will move Tà º te mudarà ¡s a otra ciudad por tu trabajo. Usted/à ©l/ella se mudarà ¡ You/he/she will move Ella se mudarà ¡ a un apartamento mà ¡s grande. Nosotros nos mudaremos We will move Nosotros nos mudaremosa un condominio. Vosotros os mudarà ©is You will move Vosotros os mudarà ©isa la casa nueva despuà ©s de la boda. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se mudarà ¡n You/they will move Ellos se mudarà ¡n a otro paà ­s para asistir a la universidad. Mudarse Periphrastic  Future Indicative   When conjugating the periphrastic future, remember to place the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb ir (to go). Yo me voy a mudar I am going to move Yo me voya mudar al dormitorio con mi compaà ±era. Tà º te vasa mudar You aregoing to move Tà º te vasa mudar a otra ciudad por tu trabajo. Usted/à ©l/ella se vaa mudar You/he/she isgoing to move Ella se vaa mudar a un apartamento mà ¡s grande. Nosotros nos vamosa mudar We aregoing to move Nosotros nos vamosa mudar a un condominio. Vosotros os vaisa mudar You aregoing to move Vosotros os vaisa mudar a la casa nueva despuà ©s de la boda. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se vana mudar You/they aregoing to move Ellos se vana mudar a otro paà ­s para asistir a la universidad. Mudarse Present Progressive/Gerund Form The gerund or present participle can be used as an adverb or to form progressive tenses like the present progressive. Progressive tenses often use the auxiliary verb estar. There are two options for placing the reflexive pronoun in the present progressive tense. It can be placed before the conjugated verb estar, or attached to the end of the present participle. Present Progressive ofMudarse se està ¡ mudando / està ¡ mudà ¡ndose Is moving Ella se està ¡ mudando a un apartamento mà ¡s grande. Mudarse Past Participle The past participle is often used in perfect tenses like the present perfect. The present perfect uses the auxiliary verb haber. In this case, the reflexive pronoun must be placed before the conjugated verb haber. Present Perfect of Mudarse se ha mudado Has moved Ella se ha mudado a un apartamento mà ¡s grande. Mudarse Conditional Indicative The conditional tense can used to talk about possibilities. It is conjugated using the infinitive form and the conditional endings. Yo me mudarà ­a I would move Yo me mudarà ­aal dormitorio con mi compaà ±era si hubiera espacio. Tà º te mudarà ­as You would move Tà º te mudarà ­as a otra ciudad por tu trabajo si te dieran la promocià ³n. Usted/à ©l/ella se mudarà ­a You/he/she would move Ella se mudarà ­a a un apartamento mà ¡s grande si lo pudiera pagar. Nosotros nos mudarà ­amos We would move Nosotros nos mudarà ­amosa un condominio, pero no tenemos suficiente dinero. Vosotros os mudarà ­ais You would move Vosotros os mudarà ­aisa la casa nueva despuà ©s de la boda, pero no estarà ¡ lista. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se mudarà ­an You/they would move Ellos se mudarà ­an a otro paà ­s para asistir a la universidad si les dieran la beca. Mudarse Present Subjunctive The present subjunctive of -ar verbs is formed with the endings e, es, e, emos, à ©is, en. Que yo me mude That I move La directora pide que yo memudeal dormitorio con mi compaà ±era. Que tà º te mudes That you move El jefe espera que tà º temudes a otra ciudad por tu trabajo. Que usted/à ©l/ella semude That you/he/she move La familia quiere que ella semude a un apartamento mà ¡s grande. Que nosotros nos mudemos That we move Carlos quiere que nosotros nos mudemos a un condominio. Que vosotros os mudà ©is That you move El abuelo recomienda que vosotros os mudà ©is a la casa nueva despuà ©s de la boda. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas semuden That you/they move La profesora sugiere que ellos semuden a otro paà ­s para asistir a la universidad. Mudarse Imperfect Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive can be conjugated in two different ways. Option 1 Que yo me mudara That I moved La directora pedà ­a que yo memudaraal dormitorio con mi compaà ±era. Que tà º te mudaras That you moved El jefe esperaba que tà º temudaras a otra ciudad por tu trabajo. Que usted/à ©l/ella semudara That you/he/she moved La familia querà ­a que ella semudara a un apartamento mà ¡s grande. Que nosotros nos mudà ¡ramos That we moved Carlos querà ­a que nosotros nos mudà ¡ramosa un condominio. Que vosotros os mudarais That you moved El abuelo recomendaba que vosotros os mudarais a la casa nueva despuà ©s de la boda. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas semudaran That you/they moved La profesora sugerà ­a que ellos semudaran a otro paà ­s para asistir a la universidad. Option 2 Que yo me mudase That I moved La directora pedà ­a que yo memudase al dormitorio con mi compaà ±era. Que tà º te mudases That you moved El jefe esperaba que tà º temudases a otra ciudad por tu trabajo. Que usted/à ©l/ella semudase That you/he/she moved La familia querà ­a que ella semudase a un apartamento mà ¡s grande. Que nosotros nos mudà ¡semos That we moved Carlos querà ­a que nosotros nos mudà ¡semosa un condominio. Que vosotros os mudaseis That you moved El abuelo recomendaba que vosotros os mudaseis a la casa nueva despuà ©s de la boda. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas semudasen That you/they moved La profesora sugerà ­a que ellos semudasen a otro paà ­s para asistir a la universidad. Mudarse Imperative To give orders or commands you need the imperative mood. Notice that in positive commands, the reflexive pronoun is placed after the verb, while in negative commands, the reflexive pronoun is placed before the verb. Positive Commands Tà º mà ºdate Move!  ¡Mà ºdate a otra ciudad por tu trabajo! Usted mà ºdese Move!  ¡Mà ºdese a un apartamento mà ¡s grande! Nosotros mudà ©monos Let's move!  ¡Mudà ©monos a un condominio! Vosotros mudaos Move!  ¡Mudaos a la casa nueva despuà ©s de la boda! Ustedes mà ºdense Move!  ¡Mà ºdense a otro paà ­s para asistir a la universidad! Negative Commands Tà º no te mudes Don't move!  ¡No te mudes a otra ciudad por tu trabajo! Usted no se mude Don't move!  ¡No se mude a un apartamento mà ¡s grande! Nosotros no nos mudemos Let's not move!  ¡No nos mudemos a un condominio! Vosotros no os mudà ¡is Don't move!  ¡No os mudà ¡is a la casa nueva despuà ©s de la boda! Ustedes no se muden Don't move!  ¡No se muden a otro paà ­s para asistir a la universidad!

Social Bonds Are A Way For The Government Of Contract...

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The government is dipping its toe into a new territory with what are called social bonds. Social bonds are a way for the government to deal with problems that they think is necessary to address thus causing them to an agreement with a business to will help minimise problems being faced. This agreement helps in raising the capital from independent investors which can include an individuals, foundations and a bank and hire and mange non-profit groups. This can create jobs and help communities. The impartial for the project is thatShow MoreRelatedSocial Programs And Its Effects On America1707 Words   |  7 Pagessuccess for its programs because it is not as clear whether the social programs invested in will succeed. In addition, there is not a large pool of investors that are willing to invest in SIB’s in poor slums. 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Persuasive Essay On Racial Profiling - 806 Words

Racial profiling is a problem that continues to happen to this day. This situation is something which happens to everyone especially minorities. Minorities are more likely to be pulled over by police officers rather than white people just because of the color of their skin, which is really unfair because their time is being wasted getting pulled over when they could be doing something else. Racial profiling has been happening forever, which has caused many people to be stopped and strictly checked by police, higher chance of people getting killed, and people are not getting the rights they deserve. Initially, the community is not getting the rights they were applied. Everyone has the right to be treated with equal rights, but ostensibly†¦show more content†¦Racism has incremented due to racial profiling since in today’s society more law enforcement are ceasing people by the way they look rather than a infringement they did. Another reason why racial profiling is deplorable is because there are times when someone is minding their own business, driving around, and out of nowhere they are pulled over just because of the color of their skin which then leads to something bad. For example, there was a YouTube video of an armed African American pulled over with his wife and kid by a white police officer. He had told the police officer, he had the gun in his car so he would know, but then the cop just shot the man without giving him a reason and with his kid being in the back seat seeing all of this. Another example, could be Eric Garner an African American who was sto pped by police and killed by an illegal chokehold even though he told the police he couldn’t breath. This is really unfair that there are many innocent people losing their lives to some racist person. Furthermore, This situation does not only occur to African Americans and Hispanics, it also occurs to Muslims at the airport. 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Hsu, a Taiwanese American author and editor, wrote this essay in order to express his views on the negative connotations that occur with some of the racially charged objects present in society. More specifically, the essay deals with the stereotypical nature of The Chin Family. The Chin Family is the name of Stefano Giovannoni’s tabletop collection, which includes salt and pepper shakers that haveRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Civil Rights Movement2959 Words   |  12 Pageswithout slavery, the Civil Rights Movement, and other racially motivated movements. Race (and racism, unfortunately) is what makes America, America. For this essay, I will be exploring the question: Is there still a racial issue in America, predominantly, against blacks? Also, I will be exploring if stereotypes are related to racial profiling, if the media affects racism, and if racism is still present in the 21st century, in particul arly, since President Barack Obama got elected as the United StatesRead MoreThe New Threat : Racism Without Racists2278 Words   |  10 PagesIt has been many decades since the end of enslaving African-Americans in the United States of America and the laws – since then – have tried to impede discrimination of all kinds especially racial profiling. The debate of racism has never stopped even in January 20th, 2009 when the American nation elected its forty-fourth president of the United States who was the first African-American president in the entire American History. â€Å"Racism is over,† many people became very excited and delighted, â€Å"AmericaRead MorePolice Discretion Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay a discussion will be explored about the benefits and problems associated with police use of discretion. Which current policing strategies have the most potential for controlling officer discretion and providing accountability, and which have th e least, and why is that the case? And finally, how might these issues impact the various concerns facing law enforcement today? Police behavior is different across all communities. In fact, how police react to combat crime is affected by theRead MoreThe Reality Of Alleged Police Misconduct2036 Words   |  9 Pagestargeting police, and yet when police officers try to defend themselves from people attempting to inflict harm towards them, they get accused of being brutal towards a person who shows acts of threats directed towards police officers. The idea of racial profiling in America does over is exaggerated since there are many individuals across the United States believe that the police will target them due to the color of their skin. These acts are true, because that officers across the United States have sworn

Six Sigma Implementation Case Study Essay - 1586 Words

1. Six Sigma Implementation Case Study Six-Sigma is a statistical method that provides an organization with tools to advance the business process or product. The six-sigma goal is to diminish the defects in the process or product. The goal of a six-sigma project is to decrease the defects to 3.4 per million opportunities, which is 99.99966 percent of the time. By implementing six-sigma on a project, the organization can get an almost perfect process and product. To achieve the most optimal results, the project team must understand the customer needs, data and statistical analysis and devotion to improving and reinventing the process or product 1.1 The DMAIC Six Sigma Methodology The DMAIC six-sigma is a data driven approach used to advance a process or product for an organization. It is a quality improvement approach with five phases, which are: define, measure, analyze, improve and control. The basic equation of Six Sigma, Y = f(x), defines the relationship between a dependent variable ‘Y’ or the outcome of a process and a set of independent variables ‘x’ or possible causes which affect the outcome. 1.2Shoe Industry Background The footwear industry has seen swift expansion over recent years, due to the demand of new and innovative footwear products. The advancements of technology and new trends are constantly evolving to keep up with the consumer needs. The global footwear market is estimated to reach $371.8 billion by 2020. The Asia-Pacific market makes up the singleShow MoreRelatedEssay about Managing Quality Improvement in Healthcare938 Words   |  4 Pagescritical for performance and efficiency. Many studies have been conducted to analyze the effectiveness of such programs. Lean, Six Sigma and Total Quality Management (TQM) are three programs that will reviewed by three different case studies in efforts to understand them and to compare and contrast their capabilities. 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Amphitryon By Plautus Essay Example For Students

Amphitryon By Plautus Essay The major roles in the play are those of Amphitryon, Jove, and Alcamena. Two slightly lesser roles, though of equal importance, are those of Mercury and Sosia. These two characters act as main intermediaries for their masters. This is one of the similarities I found in their roles. However, I also found many differences in these two characters. I believe the roles of Mercury and Sosia to both be important ones, with similarities as well as differences, which can be clearly seen in their relationships with their masters, the audience, and Alcamena as well. I think that both Sosia and Mercury respect their masters. Although in the beginning, both characters complain about being servants. Sosia says, No easy job, this serving a millionaire; A rich mans servant leads a lousy life. All his nights and days its just a constant strife7. This quote shows early in the play Sosias displeasure in being a servant. Mercury complains about his service to Jove as well. When he hears Sosia complain he states, Hey, Im the one who should complain that way! Till Papa pressed me into service today Id no idea what slavery meant. Now, hes been used to being a slave.8. Despite these complaints about slavery, I think both of them enjoy serving their masters but for different reasons. Early in the play Sosia tells the audience of how his master led us like a wonder9. He refers to the victory in battle Amphitryon had over the Thebans. I believe that Sosia is rather proud of his service to Amphitryon and respects his masters nobility and bravery. Mercury also shows signs of respect for Jove, his master and father. Mercury, the patron god of thieves, enjoys playing tricks and causing mischief. I believe this to be the reason he enjoys helping his father in this situation. Jove is playing one big joke on everyone, and Mercury likes this very much. Of his father he says, A smooth operator, this one here. And why not? Hes my father. Watch how hes going to butter the girl up.25. In different ways, I can see how Mercury and Sosia are very similar in respect to their masters. Differences between Mercury and Sosia arise in their dealings with the audience. I think that these characters monologues to the audience give insight into their personality. Sosias dealings with the audience make him out to be a coward as well as a fool. When Sosia hears Mercury talking of harming someone coming his way, Sosia cowers to the audience and says, Im so scared, Im numb all over!16. When Sosia gathers enough courage to confront Mercury, the god easily convinces him that he is not himself. Sosia says to the audience, Hes convinced me. Ill have to find another name!22. In almost all his dealings with the audience, Sosia is baffled and dumb struck. The audience knows what is happening so Sosia is made  out to be a dumb character. Conversely, Mercurys dealings with the audience show him to be a cunning trickster. Being a god, Mercury has everything planned out and reveals his pl ans to the audience. On scarring away Sosia, he says to the audience, this job went off very nicely24. Mercurys monologues to the audience are almost like narration as he tells them what happens and what will happen. Enjoying this chaos he helped create, he says to the audience: Ill get both of them all mixed up and drive them and Amphitryons whole household crazy, until Fathers had enough of his inamorata. Then, when its all over, theyll all find out what happened, and Jove at the end will restore Alcamena and her husband to their former married bliss24. .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd , .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd .postImageUrl , .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd , .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd:hover , .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd:visited , .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd:active { border:0!important; } .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd:active , .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d341e39e442bc92ead2a41a3ea1cadd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Big Brother - George Orwell EssayIn this quote, Mercury basically describes the rest of the play to the audience; most of whom, I believe already knew the story. Another difference between the characters of Mercury and Sosia deals with each characters handling of Alcamena, wife of Amphitryon. When Mercury acts as Sosia, he has minimal dealings with Alcamena. I think his opinion towards her is amusement in the role she plays in his and his fathers game. He says chuckling, Didnt I tell you hed do this? A little buttering up, and he has the poor girl eating out of his hand26. Amused by his fathers skill in seducing women, Mercury even tries to help. When Jove gives Alcamena the gold cup as a gift Mercury says to her, Say rather a wonderful gift as wonderful as the getter27. While Mercury treats Alcamena with amusement, Sosia regards her sourly. He thinks shes crazy because he knows nothing of the tricks the gods are playing. At first he thinks shes gone crazy because she claims shes seen him even though she hasnt. He says to Amphitryon, Dont you understand? If you try to say no to a madwoman, youll make the crazy thing crazier38. His being unaware of the tricks, causes him to treats her rather crudely because he believes her to be crazy. This is another main difference I see in the characters of Sosia and Amphitryon. I believe that by examining the relationships of Mercury and Sosia with other characters in the play, I was more able to clearly explore their relationships. After examining these relations I believe that Mercury and Sosia are indeed more different than they are alike. The reason for this could be that one character has godly powers, but maybe not. Mercury seems to be just as common and scheming as any man.

Unicellular organism free essay sample

For prison cell assignment, see Single-celling. Valonia ventricosa is among the largest unicellular species. A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells. Historically the simple single celled organisms have sometimes been referred to as monads. l] The main groups of unicellular organisms are bacteria, archaea, protozoa, unicellular algae and nicellular fungi. Unicellular organisms fall into two general categories: prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms. unicellular organisms are believed to be the oldest form of life, possibly existing 3. 8 billion years ago. [2] Prokaryotes, most protists, and some fungi are unicellular. Although some of these organisms live in colonies, they are still unicellular. These organisms live together, and each cell in the colony is the same. However, each cell must carry out all life processes in order for that cell to survive. In contrast, even the simplest multicellular organisms have cells hat depend on each other in order to survive. We will write a custom essay sample on Unicellular organism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some organisms are partially uni- and multicellular, like Dictyostelium discoideum. Other can be unicellular and multinucleate, like Myxogastria and Plasmodium. Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellulars, related to Deltaproteobacteria, is a multicellular prokaryote. It is neither unicellular, nor a colony. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic size and are thus classified as microorganisms. However, some unicellular protists and bacteria are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye. [3] Examples include: Xenophyophores, protozoans of the phylum Foraminifera, are the largest examples known, with Syringammina fragilissima achieving a diameter of up to 20 cm. [4] Nummulite, foraminiferans Valonia ventricosa, an alga of the class Chlorophyceae, can reach a diameter of 1 to 4 Acetabularia, algae. Caulerpa, algae[7] Gromia sphaerica, amoeba Thiomargarita namibiensis is the largest bacterium, reaching a diameter of up to 0. 75 mm. Epulopiscium fishelsoni, a bacterium. Drosophila Mirkogaster, an amoeba. Multicellular organism In this image, a wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans is stained to highlight the nuclei of ts cells. Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to single-celled organisms. To torm a multicellular organism, these cells need to identify and attach to the other cells. [l] Only a dozen or unicellular species have cells that can be seen individually with the naked eye. The rest of the nearly two million[citation needed] visible species are multicellular. In particular all species of animals, land plants and filamentous fungi are multicellular, as are many algae. Some organisms are partially uni- and multicellular, like Dictyostelium. Multicellular rganisms †like plants, animals and brown algae† arise from a single cell and generate a multi-celled organism. Pluricellular organisms are the result of many- celled individuals Joining together through colony formation, filament formation or aggregation. Pluricellularity has evolved independently in Volvox and some flagellated green algae. [2][3] Contents [hide] 1 Evolutionary history 2 Hypotheses for origin 2. 1 The symbiotic theory 2. 2 The cellularization (syncytial) theory 2. 3 The colonial theory 3 Advantages 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Evolutionary history[edit] Multicellularity has evolved independently at least 25 times,[4] including in some prokaryotes, like cyanobacteria, myxobacteria, actinomycetes, Magnetoglobus multicellulars or Methanosarcina. However, complex multicellular organisms evolved only in six eukaryotic groups: animals, fungi, brown algae, red algae, green algae, and plants. [5] It evolved repeatedly for plants (Chloroplastida), once or twice for animals, once for brown algae, and perhaps several times for fungi, slime molds, and red algae. [6] Multicellularity first appeared several billion years ago in cyanobacteria. In rder to reproduce, true multicellular organisms must solve the problem of regenerating a whole organism from germ cells (i. e. sperm and egg cells), an issue that is studied in developmental biology. Therefore, the development of sexual reproduction in unicellular organisms during the Mesoproterozoic is thought to have precipitated the development and rise of multicellular life. [citation needed] Multicellular organisms, especially long-living animals, also face the challenge of cancer, which occurs when cells fail to regulate their growth within the normal program of development. Changes in tissue morphology can be observed during this process. Multicellular vs Unicellular As the name suggests, the main difference between multicellular and unicellular organisms is the number of cells that are present in them. This leads to the development of all other characteristics and properties of these living organisms Every living thing has cells within their body, and these are the building blocks of all life forms. The composition, distribution and the number of cells that are present in an organism determine where it is multicellular or unicellular. Cells in the human ody play a vi tal role in the sustenance ot lite. In simple terms the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms arises from the number of cells that are present in them. As the name suggests, unicellular organisms contain one single cell, while multicellular organisms contain more than one cell within them. All their physical characteristics and traits can be traced to this difference in the number of cells they contain. Unicellular Organisms Due to the presence of only one cell in them, these organisms are much smaller in size and are very simple in structure. Most of these organisms fall under the category of prokaryotes, or prokaryotic entities, because their composition and structure is not complex. The structure known as the cell nucleus is completely absent in these prokaryotes, and this leads to their inability to handle their surface area to volume ratios. Owing to this reason, their sizes are very small. Most unicellular organisms are so small and microscopic in nature, that they are almost invisible to the naked human eyes. They do not have internal organs as well, and this means that the membranes which are organic coats around the organs are lso absent. Due to their highly simplistic life form, these can exist in areas that are perceived to be hazardous for human life and are highly acidic or radioactive in nature. It is believed by many scientists that the human race is the result of long term evolution of many unicellular organisms that existed millions of years ago. The two sets of organisms exist in harmony with each other on our planet, and all these organisms have their own specific roles to play in natures ecosystem. Examples: All forms of bacteria, amoeba, yeast and paramecium. Multicellular Organisms On the other hand, these organisms are those forms of life that have more than one cell present in them. In fact they have millions of cells present in them. The larger number of cells means that these organisms are much bigger in size and are very complex and intricate in their composition and structure. Human beings are the best example of multicellular organisms, and the large number of cells leads to the birth of many different organs for carrying out different functions. Most eukaryotes or eukaryotic entities are multicellular. The cell nuclei are present in eukaryotes and the DNA of the organisms are separately placed, unlike the case of unicellular organisms. All these cells work in tandem with each other to keep the life form alive, and this leads to a variety of complex functions working simultaneously. The organisms in both the categories differ greatly in their appearance, and even though multicellular organisms grow to large sizes some of them are still microscopic in nature. These are also known as myxozoa. Examples: Human beings, animals, plants, myxozoa and all kinds of fungi. Scientists discovered all the differences between multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms and this laid the foundation for the rest of biology to develop. The advanced study of the structure of all animals and plants would not be impossible without proper knowledge about the cell structure of these organisms, since the cells are the primary life force and no organism can be alive without the presence of cells in them. The desire to know the differences between organisms is an important event in human history, and medical science would not be where it is today without this discovery.